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English grammar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
English grammar is the way in which meanings are encoded into wordings in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences, right up to the structure of whole texts.
There are historical, social, cultural and regional variations of English. Divergences from the grammar described here occur in some dialects. This article describes a generalized present-day Standard English – a form of speech and writing used in public discourse, including broadcasting, education, entertainment, government, and news, over a range of registers from formal to informal. There are differences in grammar between the standard forms of British, American, and Australian English, although these are more minor than differences in vocabulary and pronunciation.
Modern English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system of Indo-European in favor of analytic constructions. The personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class (a remnant of the more extensive Germanic case system of Old English). For other pronouns, and all nouns, adjectives, and articles, grammatical function is indicated only by word order, by prepositions, and by the "Saxon genitive or English possessive" (-'s).[1]
Eight "word classes" or "parts of speech" are commonly distinguished in English: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. Nouns form the largest word class, and verbs the second-largest. Unlike many Indo-European languages, English nouns do not have grammatical gender.
Contents 1 Word classes and phrases 1.1 Nouns 1.1.1 Phrases 1.1.2 Gender 1.2 Determiners 1.3 Pronouns 1.3.1 Personal 1.3.2 Demonstrative and interrogative 1.3.3 Relative 1.3.4 "There" 1.3.5 Other 1.4 Verbs 1.4.1 Phrases 1.5 Adjectives 1.5.1 Comparison 1.5.2 Phrases 1.6 Adverbs 1.6.1 Phrases 1.7 Prepositions 1.8 Conjunctions 1.9 Case 1.10 Declension 2 Negation 3 Clause and sentence structure 3.1 Word order 3.2 Questions 3.3 Dependent clauses 3.4 Other uses of inversion 3.5 Imperatives 3.6 Elliptical constructions 4 History of English grammars 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Further reading 7.1 Grammar books 7.2 Monographs 8 External links Word classes and phrases Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs form open classes – word classes that readily accept new members, such as the noun celebutante (a celebrity who frequents the fashion circles), and other similar relatively new words.[2] The others are considered to be closed classes. For example, it is rare for a new pronoun to enter the language. Determiners, traditionally classified along with adjectives, have not always been regarded as a separate part of speech. Interjections are another word class, but these are not described here as they do not form part of the clause and sentence structure of the language.[2]
Linguists generally accept nine English word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, and exclamations. English words are not generally marked for word class. It is not usually possible to tell from the form of a word which class it belongs to except, to some extent, in the case of words with inflectional endings or derivational suffixes. On the other hand, most words belong to more than one word class. For example, run can serve as either a verb or a noun (these are regarded as two different lexemes).[3] Lexemes may be inflected to express different grammatical categories. The lexeme run has the forms runs, ran, runny, runner, and running.[3] Words in one class can sometimes be derived from those in another. This has the potential to give rise to new words. The noun aerobics has recently given rise to the adjective aerobicized.[3]
Words combine to form phrases. A phrase typically serves the same function as a word from some particular word class.[3] For example, my very good friend Peter is a phrase that can be used in a sentence as if it were a noun, and is therefore called a noun phrase. Similarly, adjectival phrases and adverbial phrases function as if they were adjectives or adverbs, but with other types of phrases the terminology has different implications. For example, a verb phrase consists of a verb together with any objects and other dependents; a prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and its complement (and is therefore usually a type of adverbial phrase); and a determiner phrase is a type of noun phrase containing a determiner.
Nouns Many common suffixes form nouns from other nouns or from other types of words, such as -age (as in shrinkage), -hood (as in sisterhood), and so on,[3] although many nouns are base forms not containing any such suffix (such as cat, grass, France). Nouns are also often created by conversion of verbs or adjectives, as with the words talk and reading (a boring talk, the assigned reading).
Nouns are sometimes classified semantically (by their meanings) as proper nouns and common nouns (Cyrus, China vs. frog, milk) or as concrete nouns and abstract nouns (book, laptop vs. embarrassment, prejudice).[4] A grammatical distinction is often made between count (countable) nouns such as clock and city, and non-count (uncountable) nouns such as milk and decor.[5] Some nouns can function both as countable and as uncountable such as the word "wine" (This is a good wine, I prefer red wine).
Countable nouns generally have singular and plural forms.[4] In most cases the plural is formed from the singular by adding -[e]s (as in dogs, bushes), although there are also irregular forms (woman/women, foot/feet, etc.), including cases where the two forms are identical (sheep, series). For more details, see English plural. Certain nouns can be used with plural verbs even though they are singular in form, as in The government were ... (where the government is considered to refer to the people constituting the government). This is a form of synesis; it is more common in British than American English. See English plural § Singulars with collective meaning treated as plural.
English nouns are not marked for case as they are in some languages, but they have possessive forms, through the addition of -'s (as in John's, children's) or just an apostrophe (with no change in pronunciation) in the case of -[e]s plurals and sometimes other words ending with -s (the dogs' owners, Jesus' love). More generally, the ending can be applied to noun phrases (as in the man you saw yesterday's sister); see below. The possessive form can be used either as a determiner (John's cat) or as a noun phrase (John's is the one next to Jane's).
The status of the possessive as an affix or a clitic is the subject of debate.[6][7] It differs from the noun inflection of languages such as German, in that the genitive ending may attach to the last word of the phrase. To account for this, the possessive can be analysed, for instance as a clitic construction (an "enclitic postposition"[8]) or as an inflection[9][10] of the last word of a phrase ("edge inflection").
Phrases Noun phrases are phrases that function grammatically as nouns within sentences, for example as the subject or object of a verb. Most noun phrases have a noun as their head.[5]
An English noun phrase typically takes the following form (not all elements need be present):
Determiner + Pre-modifiers + NOUN + Postmodifiers/Complement In this structure:
the determiner may be an article (the, a[n]) or other equivalent word, as described in the following section. In many contexts it is required for a noun phrase to include some determiner. pre-modifiers include adjectives and some adjective phrases (such as red, really lovely), and noun adjuncts (such as college in the phrase the college student). Adjectival modifiers usually come before noun adjuncts. a complement or postmodifier[5] may be a prepositional phrase (... of London), a relative clause (like ...which we saw yesterday), certain adjective or participial phrases (... sitting on the beach), or a dependent clause or infinitive phrase appropriate to the noun (like ... that the world is round after a noun such as fact or statement, or ... to travel widely after a noun such as desire). An example of a noun phrase that includes all of the above-mentioned elements is that rather attractive young college student to whom you were talking. Here that is the determiner, rather attractive and young are adjectival pre-modifiers, college is a noun adjunct, student is the noun serving as the head of the phrase, and to whom you were talking is a post-modifier (a relative clause in this case). Notice the order of the pre-modifiers; the determiner that must come first and the noun adjunct college must come after the adjectival modifiers.
Coordinating conjunctions such as and, or, and but can be used at various levels in noun phrases, as in John, Paul, and Mary; the matching green coat and hat; a dangerous but exciting ride; a person sitting down or standing up. See § Conjunctions below for more explanation.
Noun phrases can also be placed in apposition (where two consecutive phrases refer to the same thing), as in that president, Abraham Lincoln, ... (where that president and Abraham Lincoln are in apposition). In some contexts the same can be expressed by a prepositional phrase, as in the twin curses of famine and pestilence (meaning "the twin curses" that are "famine and pestilence").
Particular forms of noun phrases include:
phrases formed by the determiner the with an adjective, as in the homeless, the English (these are plural phrases referring to homeless people or English people in general); phrases with a pronoun rather than a noun as the head (see below); phrases consisting just of a possessive; infinitive and gerund phrases, in certain positions; certain clauses, such as that clauses and relative clauses like what he said, in certain positions. Gender Main article: Gender in English A system of grammatical gender, whereby every noun was treated as either masculine, feminine or neuter, existed in Old English, but fell out of use during the Middle English period. Modern English retains features relating to natural gender, namely the use of certain nouns and pronouns (such as he and she) to refer specifically to persons or animals of one or other genders and certain others (such as it) for sexless objects – although feminine pronouns are sometimes used when referring to ships (and more uncommonly some airplanes and analogous machinery) and nation states.
Some aspects of gender usage in English have been influenced by the movement towards a preference for gender-neutral language. Animals are triple-gender nouns, being able to take masculine, feminine and neuter pronouns.[11] Generally there is no difference between male and female in English nouns. However, gender is occasionally exposed by different shapes or dissimilar words when referring to people or animals.[12]
Masculine Feminine Gender neutral man woman adult boy girl child husband wife spouse actor actress performer rooster hen chicken Many nouns that mention people's roles and jobs can refer to either a masculine or a feminine subject, for instance "cousin", "teenager", "teacher", "doctor", "student", "friend", and "colleague".[12]
Jane is my friend. She is a dentist. Paul is my cousin. He is a dentist. Often the gender distinction for these neutral nouns is established by inserting the words "male" or "female".[12]
Sam is a female doctor. No, he is not my boyfriend; he is just a male friend. I have three female cousins and two male cousins. Rarely, nouns illustrating things with no gender are referred to with a gendered pronoun to convey familiarity. It is also standard to use the gender-neutral pronoun (it).[12]
I love my car. She (the car) is my greatest passion. France is popular with her (France's) neighbors at the moment. I travelled from England to New York on the Queen Elizabeth; she (the Queen Elizabeth) is a great ship. Determiners Main articles: English determiners and English articles English determiners constitute a relatively small class of words. They include the articles the and a[n]; certain demonstrative and interrogative words such as this, that, and which; possessives such as my and whose (the role of determiner can also be played by noun possessive forms such as John's and the girl's); various quantifying words like all, some, many, various; and numerals (one, two, etc.). There are also many phrases (such as a couple of) that can play the role of determiners.
Determiners are used in the formation of noun phrases (see above). Many words that serve as determiners can also be used as pronouns (this, that, many, etc.).
Determiners can be used in certain combinations, such as all the water and the many problems.
In many contexts, it is required for a noun phrase to be completed with an article or some other determiner. It is not grammatical to say just cat sat on table; one must say my cat sat on the table. The most common situations in which a complete noun phrase can be formed without a determiner are when it refers generally to a whole class or concept (as in dogs are dangerous and beauty is subjective) and when it is a name (Jane, Spain, etc.). This is discussed in more detail at English articles and Zero article in English.
Pronouns Pronouns are a relatively small, closed class of words that function in the place of nouns or noun phrases. They include personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and some others, mainly indefinite pronouns.
Personal Main article: English personal pronouns The personal pronouns of modern standard English, and the corresponding possessive forms, are as follows:
Nominative Oblique Reflexive Possessive determiner Possessive pronoun 1st pers. sing. I me myself my mine 2nd pers. sing./pl. you you yourself/yourselves your yours 3rd pers. sing. she, he, they, it her, him, them, it herself, himself, themself, itself her, his, their, its hers, his, theirs, its 1st pers. pl. we us ourselves our ours 3rd pers. pl. they them themselves their theirs The second-person forms such as you are used with both singular and plural reference. In the Southern United States, y'all (you all) is used as a plural form, and various other phrases such as you guys are used in other places. An archaic set of second-person pronouns used for singular reference is thou, thee, thyself, thy, thine, which are still used in religious services and can be seen in older works, such as Shakespeare's—in such texts, the you set of pronouns are used for plural reference, or with singular reference as a formal V-form. You can also be used as an indefinite pronoun, referring to a person in general (see generic you), compared to the more formal alternative, one (reflexive oneself, possessive one's).
The third-person singular forms are differentiated according to the sex of the referent. For example, she is used to refer to a female person, sometimes a female animal, and sometimes an object to which female characteristics are attributed, such as a ship or a country. A male person, and sometimes a male animal, is referred to using he. In other cases it can be used. (See Gender in English.) The word it can also be used as a dummy subject, in sentences like It is going to be sunny this afternoon.
The third-person plural forms such as they are sometimes used with singular reference, as a gender-neutral pronoun, as in each employee should ensure they tidy their desk. Despite its long history, this usage is sometimes considered ungrammatical. (See singular they.)
The possessive determiners such as my are used as determiners together with nouns, as in my old man, some of his friends. The second possessive forms like mine are used when they do not qualify a noun: as pronouns, as in mine is bigger than yours, and as predicates, as in this one is mine. Note also the construction a friend of mine (meaning "someone who is my friend"). See English possessive for more details.
Demonstrative and interrogative The demonstrative pronouns of English are this (plural these), and that (plural those), as in these are good, I like that. Note that all four words can also be used as determiners (followed by a noun), as in those cars. They can also form the alternative pronominal expressions this/that one, these/those ones.
The interrogative pronouns are who, what, and which (all of them can take the suffix -ever for emphasis). The pronoun who refers to a person or people; it has an oblique form whom (though in informal contexts this is usually replaced by who), and a possessive form (pronoun or determiner) whose. The pronoun what refers to things or abstracts. The word which is used to ask about alternatives from what is seen as a closed set: which (of the books) do you like best? (It can also be an interrogative determiner: which book?; this can form the alternative pronominal expressions which one and which ones.) Which, who, and what can be either singular or plural, although who and what often take a singular verb regardless of any supposed number. For more information see who.
All the interrogative pronouns can also be used as relative pronouns; see below for more details.
Relative Main article: English relative clauses For "who/whom" and related forms, see Who (pronoun). The main relative pronouns in English are who (with its derived forms whom and whose), which, and that.[13]
The relative pronoun which refers to things rather than persons, as in the shirt, which used to be red, is faded. For persons, who is used (the man who saw me was tall). The oblique case form of who is whom, as in the man whom I saw was tall, although in informal registers who is commonly used in place of whom.
The possessive form of who is whose (the man whose car is missing ...); however the use of whose is not restricted to persons (one can say an idea whose time has come).
The word that as a relative pronoun is normally found only in restrictive relative clauses (unlike which and who, which can be used in both restrictive and unrestrictive clauses). It can refer to either persons or things, and cannot follow a preposition. For example, one can say the song that [or which] I listened to yesterday, but the song to which [not to that] I listened yesterday. The relative pronoun that is usually pronounced with a reduced vowel (schwa), and hence differently from the demonstrative that (see Weak and strong forms in English). If that is not the subject of the relative clause, it can be omitted (the song I listened to yesterday).
The word what can be used to form a free relative clause – one that has no antecedent and that serves as a complete noun phrase in itself, as in I like what he likes. The words whatever and whichever can be used similarly, in the role of either pronouns (whatever he likes) or determiners (whatever book he likes). When referring to persons, who(ever) (and whom(ever)) can be used in a similar way (but not as determiners).
"There" The word there is used as a pronoun in some sentences, playing the role of a dummy subject, normally of an intransitive verb. The "logical subject" of the verb then appears as a complement after the verb.
This use of there occurs most commonly with forms of the verb be in existential clauses, to refer to the presence or existence of something. For example: There is a heaven; There are two cups on the table; There have been a lot of problems lately. It can also be used with other verbs: There exist two major variants; There occurred a very strange incident.
The dummy subject takes the number (singular or plural) of the logical subject (complement), hence it takes a plural verb if the complement is plural. In informal English, however, the contraction there's is often used for both singular and plural.[14]
The dummy subject can undergo inversion, Is there a test today? and Never has there been a man such as this. It can also appear without a corresponding logical subject, in short sentences and question tags: There wasn't a discussion, was there? There was.
The word there in such sentences has sometimes been analyzed as an adverb, or as a dummy predicate, rather than as a pronoun.[15] However, its identification as a pronoun is most consistent with its behavior in inverted sentences and question tags as described above.
Because the word there can also be a deictic adverb (meaning "at/to that place"), a sentence like There is a river could have either of two meanings: "a river exists" (with there as a pronoun), and "a river is in that place" (with there as an adverb). In speech, the adverbial there would be given stress, while the pronoun would not – in fact the pronoun is often pronounced as a weak form, /ðə(r)/.
Other Other pronouns in English are often identical in form to determiners (especially quantifiers), such as many, a little, etc. Sometimes, the pronoun form is different, as with none (corresponding to the determiner no), nothing, everyone, somebody, etc. Many examples are listed as indefinite pronouns. Another indefinite (or impersonal) pronoun is one (with its reflexive form oneself and possessive one's), which is a more formal alternative to generic you.[16]
Verbs Main article: English verbs The basic form of an English verb is not generally marked by any ending, although there are certain suffixes that are frequently used to form verbs, such as -ate (formulate), -fy (electrify), and -ise/ize (realise/realize).[17] Many verbs also contain prefixes, such un- (unmask), out- (outlast), over- (overtake), and under- (undervalue).[17] Verbs can also be formed from nouns and adjectives by zero derivation, as with the verbs snare, nose, dry, and calm.
Most verbs have three or four inflected forms in addition to the base form: a third-person singular present tense form in -(e)s (writes, botches), a present participle and gerund form in -ing (writing), a past tense (wrote), and – though often identical to the past tense form – a past participle (written). Regular verbs have identical past tense and past participle forms in -ed, but there are 100 or so irregular English verbs with different forms (see list). The verbs have, do and say also have irregular third-person present tense forms (has, does /dʌz/, says /sɛz/). The verb be has the largest number of irregular forms (am, is, are in the present tense, was, were in the past tense, been for the past participle).
Most of what are often referred to as verb tenses (or sometimes aspects) in English are formed using auxiliary verbs. Apart from what are called the simple present (write, writes) and simple past (wrote), there are also continuous (progressive) forms (am/is/are/was/were writing), perfect forms (have/has/had written, and the perfect continuous have/has/had been writing), future forms (will write, will be writing, will have written, will have been writing), and conditionals (also called "future in the past") with would in place of will. The auxiliaries shall and should sometimes replace will and would in the first person. For the uses of these various verb forms, see English verbs and English clause syntax.
The basic form of the verb (be, write, play) is used as the infinitive, although there is also a "to-infinitive" (to be, to write, to play) used in many syntactical constructions. There are also infinitives corresponding to other aspects: (to) have written, (to) be writing, (to) have been writing. The second-person imperative is identical to the (basic) infinitive; other imperative forms may be made with let (let us go, or let's go; let them eat cake).
A form identical to the infinitive can be used as a present subjunctive in certain contexts: It is important that he follow them or ... that he be committed to the cause. There is also a past subjunctive (distinct from the simple past only in the possible use of were instead of was), used in some conditional sentences and similar: if I were (or was) rich ...; were he to arrive now ...; I wish she were (or was) here. For details see English subjunctive.
The passive voice is formed using the verb be (in the appropriate tense or form) with the past participle of the verb in question: cars are driven, he was killed, I am being tickled, it is nice to be pampered, etc. The performer of the action may be introduced in a prepositional phrase with by (as in they were killed by the invaders).
The English modal verbs consist of the core modals can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, as well as ought (to), had better, and in some uses dare and need.[18] These do not inflect for person or number,[18] and do not have infinitive or participle forms (except synonyms, as with be/being/been able (to) for the modals can/could). The modals are used with the basic infinitive form of a verb (I can swim, he may be killed, we dare not move, need they go?), except for ought, which takes to (you ought to go).
The copula be, along with the modal verbs and the other auxiliaries, form a distinct class, sometimes called "special verbs" or simply "auxiliaries".[19] These have different syntax from ordinary lexical verbs, especially in that they make their interrogative forms by plain inversion with the subject, and their negative forms by adding not after the verb (could I ...? I could not ...). Apart from those already mentioned, this class may also include used to (although the forms did he use to? and he didn't use to are also found), and sometimes have even when not an auxiliary (forms like have you a sister? and he hadn't a clue are possible, though becoming less common). It also includes the auxiliary do (does, did); this is used with the basic infinitive of other verbs (those not belonging to the "special verbs" class) to make their question and negation forms, as well as emphatic forms (do I like you?; he doesn't speak English; we did close the fridge). For more details of this, see do-support.
Some forms of the copula and auxiliaries often appear as contractions, as in I'm for I am, you'd for you would or you had, and John's for John is. Their negated forms with following not are also often contracted (see § Negation below). For detail see English auxiliaries and contractions.
Phrases A verb together with its dependents, excluding its subject, may be identified as a verb phrase (although this concept is not acknowledged in all theories of grammar[20]). A verb phrase headed by a finite verb may also be called a predicate. The dependents may be objects, complements, and modifiers (adverbs or adverbial phrases). In English, objects and complements nearly always come after the verb; a direct object precedes other complements such as prepositional phrases, but if there is an indirect object as well, expressed without a preposition, then that precedes the direct object: give me the book, but give the book to me. Adverbial modifiers generally follow objects, although other positions are possible (see under § Adverbs below). Certain verb–modifier combinations, particularly when they have independent meaning (such as take on and get up), are known as "phrasal verbs".
For details of possible patterns, see English clause syntax. See the Non-finite clauses section of that article for verb phrases headed by non-finite verb forms, such as infinitives and participles.
Adjectives English adjectives, as with other word classes, cannot in general be identified as such by their form,[21] although many of them are formed from nouns or other words by the addition of a suffix, such as -al (habitual), -ful (blissful), -ic (atomic), -ish (impish, youngish), -ous (hazardous), etc.; or from other adjectives using a prefix: disloyal, irredeemable, unforeseen, overtired.
Adjectives may be used attributively, as part of a noun phrase (nearly always preceding the noun they modify; for exceptions see postpositive adjective), as in the big house, or predicatively, as in the house is big. Certain adjectives are restricted to one or other use; for example, drunken is attributive (a drunken sailor), while drunk is usually predicative (the sailor was drunk).
Comparison Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms in -er and -est,[22] such as faster and fastest (from the positive form fast). Spelling rules which maintain pronunciation apply to suffixing adjectives just as they do for similar treatment of regular past tense formation; these cover consonant doubling (as in bigger and biggest, from big) and the change of y to i after consonants (as in happier and happiest, from happy).
The adjectives good and bad have the irregular forms better, best and worse, worst; also far becomes farther, farthest or further, furthest. The adjective old (for which the regular older and oldest are usual) also has the irregular forms elder and eldest, these generally being restricted to use in comparing siblings and in certain independent uses. For the comparison of adverbs, see Adverbs below.
Many adjectives, however, particularly those that are longer and less common, do not have inflected comparative and superlative forms. Instead, they can be qualified with more and most, as in beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful (this construction is also sometimes used even for adjectives for which inflected forms do exist).
Certain adjectives are classed as ungradable.[22] These represent properties that cannot be compared on a scale; they simply apply or do not, as with pregnant, dead, unique. Consequently, comparative and superlative forms of such adjectives are not normally used, except in a figurative, humorous or imprecise context. Similarly, such adjectives are not normally qualified with modifiers of degree such as very and fairly, although with some of them it is idiomatic to use adverbs such as completely. Another type of adjectives sometimes considered ungradable is those that represent an extreme degree of some property, such as delicious and terrified.
Phrases An adjective phrase is a group of words that plays the role of an adjective in a sentence. It usually has a single adjective as its head, to which modifiers and complements may be added.[23]
Adjectives can be modified by a preceding adverb or adverb phrase, as in very warm, truly imposing, more than a little excited. Some can also be preceded by a noun or quantitative phrase, as in fat-free, two-metre-long.
Complements following the adjective may include:
prepositional phrases: proud of him, angry at the screen, keen on breeding toads; infinitive phrases: anxious to solve the problem, easy to pick up; content clauses, i.e. that clauses and certain others: certain that he was right, unsure where they are; after comparatives, phrases or clauses with than: better than you, smaller than I had imagined. An adjective phrase may include both modifiers before the adjective and a complement after it, as in very difficult to put away.
Adjective phrases containing complements after the adjective cannot normally be used as attributive adjectives before a noun. Sometimes they are used attributively after the noun, as in a woman proud of being a midwife (where they may be converted into relative clauses: a woman who is proud of being a midwife), but it is wrong to say *a proud of being a midwife woman. Exceptions include very brief and often established phrases such as easy-to-use. (Certain complements can be moved to after the noun, leaving the adjective before the noun, as in a better man than you, a hard nut to crack.)
Certain attributive adjective phrases are formed from other parts of speech, without any adjective as their head, as in a two-bedroom house, a no-jeans policy.
Adverbs Adverbs perform a wide range of functions. They typically modify verbs (or verb phrases), adjectives (or adjectival phrases), or other adverbs (or adverbial phrases).[24] However, adverbs also sometimes qualify noun phrases (only the boss; quite a lovely place), pronouns and determiners (almost all), prepositional phrases (halfway through the movie), or whole sentences, to provide contextual comment or indicate an attitude (Frankly, I don't believe you).[25] They can also indicate a relationship between clauses or sentences (He died, and consequently I inherited the estate).[25]
Many English adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding the ending -ly, as in hopefully, widely, theoretically (for details of spelling and etymology, see -ly). Certain words can be used as both adjectives and adverbs, such as fast, straight, and hard; these are flat adverbs. In earlier usage more flat adverbs were accepted in formal usage; many of these survive in idioms and colloquially. (That's just plain ugly.) Some adjectives can also be used as flat adverbs when they actually describe the subject. (The streaker ran naked, not **The streaker ran nakedly.) The adverb corresponding to the adjective good is well (note that bad forms the regular badly, although ill is occasionally used in some phrases).
There are also many adverbs that are not derived from adjectives,[24] including adverbs of time, of frequency, of place, of degree and with other meanings. Some suffixes that are commonly used to form adverbs from nouns are -ward[s] (as in homeward[s]) and -wise (as in lengthwise).
Most adverbs form comparatives and superlatives by modification with more and most: often, more often, most often; smoothly, more smoothly, most smoothly (see also comparison of adjectives, above). However, a few adverbs retain irregular inflection for comparative and superlative forms:[24] much, more, most; a little, less, least; well, better, best; badly, worse, worst; far, further (farther), furthest (farthest); or follow the regular adjectival inflection: fast, faster, fastest; soon, sooner, soonest; etc.
Adverbs indicating the manner of an action are generally placed after the verb and its objects (We considered the proposal carefully), although other positions are often possible (We carefully considered the proposal). Many adverbs of frequency, degree, certainty, etc. (such as often, always, almost, probably, and various others such as just) tend to be placed before the verb (they usually have chips), although if there is an auxiliary or other "special verb" (see § Verbs above), then the normal position for such adverbs is after that special verb (or after the first of them, if there is more than one): I have just finished the crossword; She can usually manage a pint; We are never late; You might possibly have been unconscious. Adverbs that provide a connection with previous information (such as next, then, however), and those that provide the context (such as time or place) for a sentence, are typically placed at the start of the sentence: Yesterday we went on a shopping expedition.[26]
A special type of adverb is the adverbial particle used to form phrasal verbs (such as up in pick up, on in get on, etc.) If such a verb also has an object, then the particle may precede or follow the object, although it will normally follow the object if the object is a pronoun (pick the pen up or pick up the pen, but pick it up).
Phrases An adverb phrase is a phrase that acts as an adverb within a sentence.[27] An adverb phrase may have an adverb as its head, together with any modifiers (other adverbs or adverb phrases) and complements, analogously to the adjective phrases described above. For example: very sleepily; all too suddenly; oddly enough; perhaps shockingly for us.
Another very common type of adverb phrase is the prepositional phrase, which consists of a preposition and its object: in the pool; after two years; for the sake of harmony.
Prepositions Prepositions form a closed word class,[25] although there are also certain phrases that serve as prepositions, such as in front of. A single preposition may have a variety of meanings, often including temporal, spatial and abstract. Many words that are prepositions can also serve as adverbs. Examples of common English prepositions (including phrasal instances) are of, in, on, over, under, to, from, with, in front of, behind, opposite, by, before, after, during, through, in spite of or despite, between, among, etc.
A preposition is usually used with a noun phrase as its complement. A preposition together with its complement is called a prepositional phrase.[28] Examples are in England, under the table, after six pleasant weeks, between the land and the sea. A prepositional phrase can be used as a complement or post-modifier of a noun in a noun phrase, as in the man in the car, the start of the fight; as a complement of a verb or adjective, as in deal with the problem, proud of oneself; or generally as an adverb phrase (see above).
English allows the use of "stranded" prepositions. This can occur in interrogative and relative clauses, where the interrogative or relative pronoun that is the preposition's complement is moved to the start (fronted), leaving the preposition in place. This kind of structure is avoided in some kinds of formal English. For example:
What are you talking about? (Possible alternative version: About what are you talking?) The song that you were listening to ... (more formal: The song to which you were listening ...) Notice that in the second example the relative pronoun that could be omitted.
Stranded prepositions can also arise in passive voice constructions and other uses of passive past participial phrases, where the complement in a prepositional phrase can become zero in the same way that a verb's direct object would: it was looked at; I will be operated on; get your teeth seen to. The same can happen in certain uses of infinitive phrases: he is nice to talk to; this is the page to make copies of.
Conjunctions Conjunctions express a variety of logical relations between items, phrases, clauses and sentences.[29] The principal coordinating conjunctions in English are: and, or, but, nor, so, yet, and for. These can be used in many grammatical contexts to link two or more items of equal grammatical status,[29] for example:
Noun phrases combined into a longer noun phrase, such as John, Eric, and Jill, the red coat or the blue one. When and is used, the resulting noun phrase is plural. A determiner does not need to be repeated with the individual elements: the cat, the dog, and the mouse and the cat, dog, and mouse are both correct. The same applies to other modifiers. (The word but can be used here in the sense of "except": nobody but you.) Adjective or adverb phrases combined into a longer adjective or adverb phrase: tired but happy, over the fields and far away. Verbs or verb phrases combined as in he washed, peeled, and diced the turnips (verbs conjoined, object shared); he washed the turnips, peeled them, and diced them (full verb phrases, including objects, conjoined). Other equivalent items linked, such as prefixes linked in pre- and post-test counselling,[30] numerals as in two or three buildings, etc. Clauses or sentences linked, as in We came, but they wouldn't let us in. They wouldn't let us in, nor would they explain what we had done wrong. There are also correlative conjunctions, where as well as the basic conjunction, an additional element appears before the first of the items being linked.[29] The common correlatives in English are:
either ... or (either a man or a woman); neither ... nor (neither clever nor funny); both ... and (they both punished and rewarded them); not ... but, particularly in not only ... but also (not exhausted but exhilarated, not only football but also many other sports).

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1. Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses, 15th Edition: April Hazard Vallerand & Cynthia A Sanoski & Judith Hopfer Deglin
   
2. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy through Adolescence, 6th Edition: Arthur Nowak & John R. Christensen & Tad R. Mabry & Janice Alisa Townsend & Martha H. Wells
   
3. Macroeconomics: Principles, Applications, and Tools, 8th Edition: Arthur O'Sullivan & Steven Sheffrin & Stephen Perez
   
4. Crafting & Executing Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: Concepts and Cases, 20th Edition: Arthur Thompson & Margaret Peteraf & John Gamble & A. Strickland
   
5. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, 10th Edition: Audrey T. Berman & Shirlee Snyder & Geralyn Frandsen
   
6. Pickard's Guide to Minimally Invasive Operative Dentistry, 10th Edition: Avit Banerjee & Timothy F. Watson
   
7. Retail Management, Global Edition, 13th Edition: Joel R. Evans & Patrali M. Chatterjee & Barry R. Berman
   
8. The Pancreas: An Integrated Textbook of Basic Science, Medicine, and Surgery, 3rd Edition: Hans G. Beger & Andrew L. Warshaw & Ralph H. Hruban & Markus W. Buchler & Markus M. Lerch & John P. Neoptolemos & Tooru Shimosegawa & David C. Whitcomb
   
9. Principles of Accounting, 12th Edition: Belverd E. Needles & Marian Powers & Susan V. Crosson
   
10. Principles of Accounting, 11th Edition: Belverd E. Needles & Marian Powers & Susan V. Crosson
    
11. Genetics Essentials: Concepts and Connections, 3rd Edition: Benjamin A. Pierce
    
12. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 6th Edition: Benjamin A. Pierce
    
13. We the People, Essentials 11th Edition: Benjamin Ginsberg & Theodore J. Lowi & Caroline J. Tolbert & Margaret Weir
    
14. We the People, Core 11th Edition: Benjamin Ginsberg & Theodore J. Lowi & Caroline J. Tolbert & Margaret Weir
    
15. Renewable Energy: Physics, Engineering, Environmental Impacts, Economics and Planning, 5th Edition: Bent Sørensen
    
16. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences, Global Edition, 9th Edition: Howard Lune & Bruce L. Berg
    
17. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, 8th Edition: Bernard Rosner
    
18. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition: Bertram Katzung
    
19. Integrated Science, 6th Edition: Bill Tillery & Eldon Enger & Frederick Ross
    
20. Physical Science, 11th Edition: Bill Tillery & Stephanie J. Slater & Timothy F. Slater
    
21. The Johns Hopkins Internal Medicine Board Review: Certification and Recertification, 5th Edition: Bimal Ashar & Redonda Miller & Stephen Sisson & Johns Hopkins
    
22. Large Animal Internal Medicine, 5th Edition: Bradford P. Smith
    
23. Calculus: Single Variable, 7th Edition: Deborah Hughes-Hallett & William G. McCallum & Andrew M. Gleason
    
24. McGraw-Hill's Taxation of Individuals and Business Entities, 10th Edition: Brian Spilker & Benjamin Ayers & John Barrick & Edmund Outslay
    
25. Writing and Editing for Digital Media, 3rd Edition: Brian Carroll
    
26. Ecology of Freshwaters: Earth's Bloodstream, 5th Edition: Brian R. Moss
    
27. Anatomy and Physiology Coloring Workbook: A Complete Study Guide, Global Edition, 12th Edition: Elaine N. Marieb & Simone Brito
    
28. Essential Cell Biology, 4th Edition: Bruce Alberts & Dennis Bray & Karen Hopkin & Alexander D Johnson & Julian Lewis & Martin Raff & Keith Roberts & Peter Walter
    
29. Harrisons Manual of Oncology, 2nd Edition: Bruce Chabner & Thomas Lynch & Dan Longo
    
30. Black's Law Dictionary, Abridged, 9th Edition: Bryan A. Garner
    
31. Black's Law Dictionary, Standard, 9th Edition: Bryan A. Garner
    
32. Chemistry, 4th Edition: Julia Burdge
    
33. Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 13th Edition: David Shier & Jackie Butler & Ricki Lewis
    
34. Van De Graaff's Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory, 7th Edition: Byron J. Adams & John L. Crawley
    
35. Contemporary Implant Dentistry, 3rd Edition: Carl E. Misch
    
36. Financial Accounting, 12th Edition: Carl S Warren & James M Reeve & Jonathan Duchac
    
37. Statistics for Business and Economics: Global Edition, 11th Edition: Paul Newbold & William Carlson & Betty Thorne
    
38. Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body, 6th Edition: Carmine D. Clemente
    
39. Clemente's Anatomy Dissector, 3rd Edition: Carmine D. Clemente
    
40. Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition: Carol R. Taylor
    
41. Private Security and the Law, 5th Edition: Charles P. Nemeth
    
42. Human Resource Management in a Hospitality ,1st Edition: Jerald Chesser
    
43. The Chicano Experience: An Alternative Perspective: Alfredo Mirandé
    
44. Nuclear Physics of Stars, 2nd Edition: Christian Iliadis
    
45. International Human Resource Management, 4th Edition: Christopher Brewster & Elizabeth Houldsworth & Paul Sparrow & Guy Vernon
    
46. Social Engineering: The Science of Human Hacking, 2nd Edition: Christopher Hadnagy
    
47. Psychology, 5th Edition, Global Edition: Saundra K. Ciccarelli & J. Noland White
    
48. Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition: Cinnamon VanPutte & Jennifer Regan & Andrew Russo
    
49. Mass Media Law, 20th Edition: Clay Calvert & Dan V. Kozlowski & Derigan Silver
    
50. Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 1st Edition: Paul F. Kemp & Jonathan J. Cole & Barry F. Sherr & Evelyn B. Sherr
    
51. Gray Hat Hacking: The Ethical Hacker's Handbook, 5th Edition: Allen Harper & Daniel Regalado & Ryan Linn & Stephen Sims & Branko Spasojevic & Linda Martinez & Michael Baucom & Chris Eagle & Shon Harris
    
52. Heinemann Physics 12, 4th Edition: Doug Bail & Greg Moran & Keith Burrows & Rob Chapman & Ann Conibear & Carmel Fry
    
53. Nursing2018 Drug Handbook, 38th Edition: Lippincott
    
54. College Algebra: Concepts Through Functions, 4th Edition: Michael Sullivan & Michael Sullivan III
    
55. Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy: Globalization, Innovation and Sustainability, 15th Edition: Thomas L. Wheelen & J. David Hunger & Alan N. Hoffman & Charles E. Bamford
    
56. Master the Boards USMLE Step 2 CK, 4th Edition: Conrad Fischer
    
57. Master the Boards USMLE Step 3, 5th Edition: Conrad Fischer
    
58. Criminological and Forensic Psychology, 2nd Edition: Helen Gavin
    
59. Cultural Anthropology, 15th Edition: Carol R. Ember & Melvin Ember
    
60. Concepts of Genetics, Global Edition, 11th Edition: Michael A. Palladino & Charlotte A. Spencer & Michael R. Cummings & William S. Klug
    
61. Marketing Research, Global Edition, 8th Edition: D Pati
    
62. Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, 1st Edition: D.B.A. Mehdi Khosrow-Pour
    
63. No B.S. Direct Marketing: The Ultimate No Holds Barred Kick Butt Take No Prisoners Direct Marketing for Non-Direct Marketing Businesses, 3rd Edition: Dan S. Kennedy
    
64. Horngren's Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis, Global Edition, 16th Edition: Srikant M. Datar & Madhav V. Rajan
    
65. Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 8th Edition: David C. Howell
    
66. Encyclopedia of School Health, 1st Edition: David C. Wiley & Amy C. Cory
    
67. Myers' Psychology for AP®, 2nd Edition: David G. Myers
    
68. Exploring Psychology, 10th Edition: David G. Myers & C. Nathan DeWall
    
69. Psychology, 11th Edition: David C. Myers & C. Nathan DeWall
    
70. An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology: Processes and disorders, 3rd Edition: David Groome
    
71. Fundamentals of Physics, 10th Edition: David Halliday & Robert Resnick & Jearl Walker
    
72. McMinn's Concise Human Anatomy, 2nd Edition: David Heylings & Stephen W. Carmichael & Samuel John Leinster & Janak Saada
    
73. Cardiac Intensive Care, 3rd Edition: David L. Brown
    
74. Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, 4th Edition: David L. Katz & Joann G. Elmore & Dorothea Wild & Sean C Lucan
    
75. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 7th Edition: David L. Nelson & Michael M. Cox
    
76. Anesthesiology, 3rd Edition: David E. Longnecker & Mark F. Newman & Warren M. Zapol & Warren Sandberg & Sean Mackey
    
77. Real Estate Principles: A Value Approach, 5th Edition: David Ling & Wayne Archer
    
78. The Practice of Statistics for Business and Economics, 4th Edition: Layth C. Alwan & Bruce A. Craig
    
79. Employment Law for Business, 9th Edition: Dawn Bennett-Alexander & Laura Hartman
    
80. McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, 10th Edition: Jeffrey A. Dean
    
81. Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices, 6th Edition: Denise M. Harmening
    
82. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th Edition: Dennis L. Kasper & Anthony S. Fauci & Stephen L. Hauser & Dan L. Longo & J. Larry Jameson & Joseph Loscalzo
    
83. Public Relations: Strategies and Tactics, Global Edition, 11th Edition: Dennis L. Wilcox & Glen T. Cameron & Bryan H. Reber
    
84. A Pocket Style Manual, APA Version, 7th Edition: Diana Hacker & Nancy Sommers
    
85. Physical Geology: Earth Revealed, 9th Edition: Diane Carlson & Charles Plummer
    
86. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Edition: Donald C Rizzo
    
87. Intermediate Accounting, 16th Edition: Donald E. Kieso & Jerry J. Weygandt & Terry D. Warfield
    
88. Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level, 5th Edition: Donald Voet & Judith G. Voet & Charlotte W. Pratt
    
89. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care, Single Volume, 9th Edition: Donna D. Ignatavicius & M. Linda Workman & Cherie Rebar
    
90. Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 6th Edition: Douglas C. Montgomery & George C. Runger
    
91. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 11th Edition: Douglas P. Zipes & Peter Libby & Robert O. Bonow & Douglas L. Mann & Gordon F. Tomaselli
    
92. Rock Slope Engineering: Civil Applications, 5th Edition: Duncan C. Wyllie
    
93. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 11th Edition: Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens & Dennis G. Tasa
    
94. Earth Science, 14th Edition: Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens & Dennis G. Tasa
    
95. Applications and Investigations in Earth Science, 8th Edition: Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens & Dennis G. Tasa & Kenneth G. Pinzke
    
96. Cunningham and Gilstrap's Operative Obstetrics, 3rd Edition: Edward R. Yeomans & Barbara L. Hoffman & Larry C. Gilstrap & F. Gary Cunningham
    
97. International Human Resource Management: Globalization, National Systems and Multinational Companies, New edition: Tony Edwards & Chris Rees
    
98. Anatomy and Physiology Coloring Workbook: A Complete Study Guide, 12th Edition: Elaine N. Marieb & Simone Brito
    
99. Human Anatomy, 8th Edition, Global Edition: Marieb Elaine & Wilhelm Patricia Brady & Mallatt Jon B.
    
100. Intermediate Accounting, 2nd Edition: Elizabeth A. Gordon & Jana S. Raedy & Alexander J. Sannella
     
101. Concepts in Enterprise Resource Planning, 4th Edition: Ellen Monk & Bret Wagner
     
102. Social Psychology, 9th Edition: Elliot Aronson & Timothy D. Wilson & Robin M. Akert & Samuel R. Sommers
     
103. Abnormal Child Psychology, 6th Edition: Eric J Mash & David A Wolfe
     
104. Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming, 1st Edition: Eric Matthes
     
105. Essentials of Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age, 1st Edition: Kenneth J. Guest
     
106. Intermediate Financial Management, 13th Edition: Eugene F. Brigham & Phillip R. Daves
     
107. Fundamentals of Financial Management, Concise Edition, 9th Edition: Eugene F. Brigham & Joel F. Houston
     
108. Operations and Supply Chain Management, 15th Edition: F. Robert Jacobs & Richard Chase
     
109. Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 3rd Edition: J. Kenneth Shultis & Richard E. Faw
     
110. Compound Semiconductors: Physics, Technology, and Device Concepts, 1st Edition: Ferdinand Scholz
     
111. Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not, 1st Edition: Florence Nightingale
     
112. Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies, 13th Edition: Frances Sizer & Ellie Whitney
     
113. Anatomy, Physiology, & Pathology Complementary Therapists Level 2 and 3, 3rd Edition: Francesca Gould
     
114. Organic Chemistry, 10th Edition: Francis Carey & Robert Giuliano
     
115. Customer Relationship Management: Concepts and Technologies, 3rd Edition: Francis Buttle & Stan Maklan
     
116. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community, 9th Edition: Fred E. Jandt
     
117. Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 7th Edition: Frederic H. Martini & Edwin F. Bartholomew
     
118. The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, 13th Edition: Lutgens Frederick K & Tarbuck Edward J. & Tasa Dennis G.
     
119. Foundations of Earth Science, 8th Edition: Frederick K. Lutgens & Edward J. Tarbuck & Dennis G. Tasa
     
120. Essentials of Contemporary Management, 6th Edition: Gareth Jones & Jennifer George
     
121. Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing, 9th Edition: Gary Colombo & Robert Cullen & Bonnie Lisle
     
122. Human Resource Management, 15th Edition: Gary Dessler
     
123. Electronic Commerce, 12th Edition: Gary Schneider
     
124. Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2nd Edition: Kirk N. Gelatt & Caryn E. Plummer
     
125. Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition: Geoff Rayner-Canham & Tina Overton
     
126. Thomas' Calculus in SI Units, 13th Edition: George Thomas
     
127. Essentials of Marketing Management, 2nd Edition: Geoffrey Lancaster & Lester Massingham
     
128. "They Say / I Say": The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing, with 2016 MLA Update, 3rd Edition: Gerald Graff & Cathy Birkenstein
     
129. Matching Supply with Demand: An Introduction to Operations Management, 3rd Edition: Gerard Cachon & Christian Terwiesch
     
130. Microbiology: An Introduction, 13th Edition: Gerard J. Tortora & Berdell R. Funke & Christine L. Case & Derek Weber & Warner Bair
     
131. Pediatric Dentistry: A Clinical Approach, 3rd Edition: Goran Koch & Sven Poulsen & Ivar Espelid & Dorte Haubek
     
132. Wardlaw's Contemporary Nutrition: A Functional Approach, 5th Edition: Anne Smith & Angela Collene & Colleen Spees
     
133. Calculus with Applications, Global Edition, 11th Edition: Margaret L. Lial & Raymond N. Greenwell & Nathan P. Ritchey
     
134. History of Modern Art, 7th Edition: H. H. Arnason & Elizabeth C. Mansfield
     
135. Torrington: Human Resource Management_p10, 10th New edition: Laura Hall & Carol Atkinson & Stephen Taylor & Derek Torrington
     
136. Industrial Organic Chemicals, 3rd Edition: Harold A. Wittcoff & Bryan G. Reuben & Jeffery S. Plotkin
     
137. Introduction to Logic, 3rd Edition: Harry J Gensler
     
138. Coparenting: A Conceptual and Clinical Examination of Family Systems, 1st Edition: James P. McHale & Kristin M. Lindahl
     
139. Healthcare Quality Management: A Case Study Approach, 1st Edition: Zachary Pruitt & Candace Smith & Eddie Perez-Ruberte
     
140. Fundamentals of Gas Lift Engineering: Well Design and Troubleshooting, 1st Edition: Ali Hernandez
     
141. A Visual Guide to Stata Graphics, 3rd Edition: Michael N. Mitchell
     
142. HESI Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination, 4th Edition: HESI
     
143. HESI Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination, 5th Edition: HESI
     
144. The Law of Security and Title-Based Financing, 3rd Edition: Hugh Beale & Michael Bridge & Louise Gullifer & Eva Lomnicka
     
145. Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Main Version, 12th Edition: Elaine N. Marieb & Lori A. Smith
     
146. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology, 8th Edition: Humphrey P. Rang & James M. Ritter & Rod J. Flower & Graeme Henderson
     
147. Classical Geometry: Euclidean, Transformational, Inversive, and Projective, 1st Edition: I. E. Leonard & J. E. Lewis & A. C. F. Liu & G. W. Tokarsky
     
148. Solutions Manual to Accompany Classical Geometry: Euclidean, Transformational, Inversive, and Projective, 1st Edition: I. E. Leonard & J. E. Lewis & A. C. F. Liu & G. W. Tokarsky
     
149. Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology: An Essential Guide for Nursing and Healthcare Students, 3rd Edition: Ian Peate
     
150. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology: For Nursing and Healthcare, 2nd Edition: Ian Peate & Muralitharan Nair
     
151. Vacuum and Ultravacuum: Physics and Technology, 1st Edition: Igor Bello
     
152. Interpersonal Communication: Building Connections Together, 1st Edition: Michael W. Gamble & Teri Kwal Gamble
     
153. Introduction to Criminal Justice: Systems, Diversity, and Change, 3rd Edition: Callie Marie Rennison & Mary J. Dodge
     
154. Introduction to Management Science: A Modeling and Case Studies Approach with Spreadsheets, 5th Edition: Frederick S Hillier
     
155. The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software, and Networking: An Information Technology Approach, 5th Edition: Irv Englander
     
156. Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions, 10th Edition: Gerald Corey & Marianne Schneider Corey & Cindy Corey
     
157. Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, 8th Edition: James L. Meriam & L. G. Kraige & J. N. Bolton
     
158. Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition: James E. House & Kathleen A. House
     
159. Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics, 3rd Edition: James E. House
     
160. Core Radiology: A Visual Approach to Diagnostic Imaging, 1st Edition: Jacob Mandell
     
161. Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Care, 9th Edition: Jacqueline Burchum & Laura Rosenthal
     
162. Local Anaesthesia in Dentistry, 2nd Edition: Jacques A. Baart & Henk S. Brand
     
163. Reading, Understanding, and Applying Nursing Research, 5th Edition: James A. Fain
     
164. Business Analytics, Global Edition, 2nd Edition: James R. Evans
     
165. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 7th Edition: James Kurose & Keith Ross
     
166. Engineering Mechanics: Statics, SI Version, 8th Edition: James L. Meriam & L. G. Kraige & Jeffrey N. Bolton
     
167. The Root of Chinese Qigong: Secrets of Health, Longevity, & Enlightenment, 2nd Edition: Jwing-Ming Yang
     
168. Macroeconomics, 11th Edition: David Colander
     
169. Privileged Presence: Personal Stories of Connections in Health Care, 1st Edition: Liz Crocker & Bev Johnson
     
170. Technology for Success and Shelly Cashman Series Microsoft Office 365 & Office 2019, 1st Edition: Sandra Cable & Jennifer T. Campbell & Mark Ciampa & Barbara Clemens & Steven M. Freund
     
171. Shelly Cashman Series Microsoft Office 365 & Outlook 2019 Comprehensive, 1st Edition: Corinne Hoisington
     
172. Personal Finance, 13th Edition: Jack Kapoor & Les Dlabay & Robert J. Hughes & Melissa Hart
     
173. Neurological Rehabilitation, 6th Edition: Darcy Ann Umphred & Rolando T. Lazaro & Gordon Burton & Margaret Roller
     
174. Strategies, Techniques, & Approaches to Critical Thinking: A Clinical Reasoning Workbook for Nurses, 6th Edition: Sandra Luz Martinez de Castillo
     
175. Microeconomics, 15th Canadian Edition: Campbell R. McConnell & Stanley L. Brue & Sean Masaki Flynn & Tom Barbiero
     
176. Human Anatomy, 8th Edition, Global Edition: Marieb Elaine N & Wilhelm Patricia Brady & Mallatt Jon B.
     
177. Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring, Revised Edition: Jean Watson
     
178. Public Health Nursing: Population-Centered Health Care in the Community, 9th Edition: Marcia Stanhope & Jeanette Lancaster
     
179. Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach with Modern Physics, 4th Edition: Randall D. Knight
     
180. Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age, 2nd Edition: Kenneth J. Guest
     
181. Essentials of Biology, 5th Edition: Sylvia Mader & Michael Windelspecht
     
182. Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 2nd Edition: Kenneth Saladin & Robin McFarland
     
183. The Humanistic Tradition: Prehistory to the Early Modern World, Volume 1, 7th Edition: Gloria Fiero
     
184. Dental Management of the Pregnant Patient, 1st Edition: Christos A. Skouteris
     
185. Organic Chemistry, 9th Edition: Leroy G. Wade & Jan W. Simek
     
186. Financial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making, 8th Edition: Paul D. Kimmel & Jerry J. Weygandt & Donald E. Kieso
     
187. Winningham's Critical Thinking Cases in Nursing: Medical-Surgical, Pediatric, Maternity, and Psychiatric, 5th Edition: Mariann M. Harding & Julie S. Snyder & Barbara A. Preusser
     
188. Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 9th Edition: Joseph Gallian
     
189. New Perspectives HTML5 and CSS3: Comprehensive, 7th Edition: Patrick M. Carey
     
190. Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists, Global Edition, 9th Edition: Ronald E. Walpole & Raymond H. Myers & Sharon L. Myers & Keying E. Ye
     
191. LTE Optimization Engineering Handbook, 1st Edition: Xincheng Zhang
     
192. A Systematic Approach to Learning Robot Programming with ROS, 1st Edition: Wyatt Newman
     
193. Concepts of Genetics, Global Edition, 11th Edition: Michael A. Palladino & Charlotte A. Spencer & Michael R. Cummings & William S. Klug
     
194. Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals, 13th Edition: William O. Reece & Howard H. Erickson & Jesse P. Goff & Etsuro E. Uemura
     
195. Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, 4th Edition: William Navidi
     
196. Auditing & Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach: A Systematic Approach, 10th Edition: William Messier & Steven Glover & Douglas Prawitt
     
197. Anabolics, 10th Edition: William Llewellyn
     
198. Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America, 8th Edition: William L. Yarber & Barbara W. Sayad & Bryan Strong
     
199. Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition: William H. Brown & Brent L. Iverson & Eric V. Anslyn & Christopher S. Foote & Bruce M. Novak
     
200. Engineering Economy, 16th Edition: William G. Sullivan & Elin M. Wicks & C. Patrick Koelling
     
201. Understanding Business, 12th Edition: William Nickels & James McHugh & Susan McHugh
     
202. Understanding Canadian Business, 8th Edition: William G Nickels & James McHugh & Susan McHugh & Rita Cossa & Bob Sproule
     
203. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology, 12th Edition: William D. James & Dirk Elston & Timothy Berger & Isaac Neuhaus
     
204. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, 5th Edition: William D. Callister
     
205. Ecology, 4th Edition: William D. Bowman & Sally D. Hacker & Michael L. Cain
     
206. Who Said What?: A Writer's Guide to Finding, Evaluating, Quoting, and Documenting Sources, 1st Edition: Kayla Meyers & Susan Wise Bauer
     
207. CNA Certified Nursing Assistant Exam Cram, 2nd Edition: Linda Whitenton & Marty Walker
     
208. Nuclear Reactor Physics, 3rd Revised Edition: Weston M. Stacey
     
209. Aesthetic Clinic Marketing in the Digital Age, 1st Edition: Wendy Lewis
     
210. Ways of the World with Sources: For the AP® Course, 4th Edition: Robert W. Strayer & Eric W. Nelson
     
211. Financial Accounting, 11th Edition: Walter T. Harrison & Charles T. Horngren & C. William Thomas & Wendy M. Tietz
     
212. Cengage Advantage Books: Understanding Arguments: An Introduction to Informal Logic, 9th Edition: Walter Sinnott-Armstrong & Robert J. Fogelin
     
213. Classical Mechanics: Systems of Particles and Hamiltonian Dynamics, 2nd Edition: Walter Greiner
     
214. Modern Nuclear Chemistry, 2nd Edition: Walter D. Loveland & David J. Morrissey & Glenn T. Seaborg
     
215. An Introduction to Language, 11th Edition: Victoria Fromkin & Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams
     
216. An Introduction to Language, 10th Edition: Victoria Fromkin & Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams
     
217. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 31st Edition: Victor Rodwell & David Bender & Kathleen Botham & Peter Kennelly & P. Anthony Weil
     
218. A Practical Study of Argument, Enhanced Edition, 7th Edition: Trudy Govier
     
219. Emotional Intelligence 2.0: Travis Bradberry & Jean Greaves & Patrick M. Lencioni
     
220. Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, 11th Edition: Tom Tietenberg & Lynne Lewis
     
221. Human Molecular Genetics, 4th Edition: Tom Strachan & Andrew Read
     
222. Drafting Contracts: How & Why Lawyers Do What They Do, 2nd Edition: Tina L. Stark
     
223. Basic Chemistry, Global Edition, 5th Edition: Karen C. Timberlake
     
224. Chemistry: The Science in Context, 5th Edition: Stacey Lowery Bretz & Geoffrey Davies & Natalie Foster & Thomas R. Gilbert & Rein V. Kirss
     
225. Politics in States and Communities, 15th Edition: Thomas R. Dye & Susan A. MacManus
     
226. Aunt Minnie's Atlas and Imaging-Specific Diagnosis, 4th Edition: Thomas L Pope
     
227. Cell Biology, 3rd Edition: Thomas D. Pollard & William C. Earnshaw & Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz & Graham Johnson
     
228. Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th Edition: Theodore E. Brown & H. Eugene LeMay & Bruce E. Bursten & Catherine Murphy & Patrick Woodward & Matthew E. Stoltzfus
     
229. The Crisis of the European Union: Challenges, Analyses, Solutions, 1st Edition: Andreas Grimmel
     
230. Clinical Manifestations and Assessment of Respiratory Disease, 7th Edition: Terry Des Jardins & George G. Burton
     
231. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 12th Edition: Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens & Dennis G. Tasa
     
232. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2018, 28th Edition: Tao Le & Vikas Bhushan & Matthew Sochat & Yash Chavda & Andrew Zureick
     
233. Introduction to Aircraft Structural Analysis, 2nd Edition: T.H.G. Megson
     
234. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition, 12th Edition: Elaine N. Marieb & Suzanne M. Keller
     
235. Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing, 12th Edition, Volume 1: Suzanne C. Smeltzer & Brenda G. Bare & Janice L. Hinkle & Kerry H. Cheever
     
236. Remediation Engineering: Design Concepts, 2nd Edition: Suthan S. Suthersan & John Horst & Matthew Schnobrich & Nicklaus Welty & Jeff McDonough
     
237. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 41st Edition: Susan Standring
     
238. August's Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 7, 1st Edition: Susan Little
     
239. Perfecting Your English Pronunciation, 2nd Edition: Susan Cameron
     
240. Radiologic Science for Technologists: Physics, Biology, and Protection, 11th Edition: Stewart C. Bushong
     
241. Law and Society, 11th Edition: Steven Vago & Steven E. Barkan
     
242. Chemistry, 10th Edition: Steven S. Zumdahl & Susan A. Zumdahl & Donald J. DeCoste
     
243. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies, 7th Edition: Steven G. Gabbe & Jennifer R. Niebyl & Joe Leigh Simpson & Mark B Landon & Henry L Galan
     
244. SuperFreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance: Steven D. Levitt & Stephen J. Dubner
     
245. Communication: Principles for a Lifetime, 6th Edition: Steven A. Beebe & Susan J. Beebe & Diana K. Ivy
     
246. Essentials of Organizational Behavior, Global Edition, 14th Edition: Timothy A. Judge & Stephen P. Robbins
     
247. Fortran for Scientists & Engineers, 4th Edition: Stephen Chapman
     
248. The Art of Public Speaking, 12th Edition: Stephen Lucas
     
249. Money, Banking and Financial Markets, 4th Edition: Stephen Cecchetti & Kermit Schoenholtz
     
250. Automate This: How Algorithms Took Over Our Markets, Our Jobs, and the World: Christopher Steiner
     
251. Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare: Values into Action, 2nd Edition: David Stanley
     
252. Anatomy and Physiology with Integrated Study Guide, 6th Edition: Stanley Gunstream
     
253. Computer Security: Principles and Practice, 4th Edition, Global Edition: William Stallings & Lawrie Brown
     
254. Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity, 9th Edition: Spencer A. Rathus & Jeffrey S. Nevid & Lois Fichner-Rathus
     
255. SOC 2020, 6th Edition: Jon Witt
     
256. Calculation of Drug Dosages: A Work Text, 10th Edition: Sheila J. Ogden & Linda Fluharty
     
257. Introduction to Linear Programming with MATLAB, 1st Edition: Shashi Kant Mishra & Bhagwat Ram
     
258. Do Colors Exist?: And Other Profound Physics Questions, 1st Edition: Seth Stannard Cottrell
     
259. Design With Operational Amplifiers And Analog Integrated Circuits, 4th Edition: Sergio Franco
     
260. Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function, 7th Edition: K. Peter C. Vollhardt & Neil E. Schore
     
261. Psychology, 4th Edition: Saundra K. Ciccarelli & J. Noland White
     
262. Psychology, 5th Edition: Saundra K. Ciccarelli & J. Noland White
     
263. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 5th Edition: Sarah S. Long & Charles G. Prober & Marc Fischer
     
264. Crash Course Respiratory System, 4th Edition: Sarah Hickin & James Renshaw & Rachel Chapman & Omar Usmani
     
265. Psychology in Your Life, 2nd Edition: Sarah Grison & Michael Gazzaniga
     
266. Biology and Ecology of Pharmaceutical Marine Plants, 1st Edition: Ramasamy Santhanam & Santhanam Ramesh & Hafiz Ansar & Rasul Suleria
     
267. The Art of Problem Solving, Vol. 1: The Basics, 7th Edition: Sandor Lehoczky & Richard Rusczyk
     
268. The Logic of American Politics, 8th Edition: Samuel Kernell & Gary C Jacobson & Thad Kousser & Lynn Vavreck
     
269. Mastering the World of Psychology, 5th Edition: Samuel E. Wood & Ellen Green Wood & Denise Boyd
     
270. 50 Essays: A Portable Anthology, 5th Edition: Samuel Cohen
     
271. Principles of Developmental Genetics, 2nd Edition: Sally A. Moody
     
272. Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Edition, 5th Edition: Saeed Moaveni
     
273. Video Game Law: Everything you need to know about Legal and Business Issues in the Game Industry, 1st Edition: S. Gregory Boyd & Brian Pyne & Sean F. Kane
     
274. The Obstacle Is the Way: The Timeless Art of Turning Trials into Triumph, 1st Edition: Ryan Holiday
     
275. Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics, 14th Edition: Russell C. Hibbeler
     
276. The Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300-2050, 1st Edition: MacGregor Knox & Williamson Murray
     
277. Statics and Mechanics of Materials, 5th Edition: Russell C. Hibbeler
     
278. Mechanics of Materials in SI Units, 10th Edition, Global Edition: Russell C. Hibbeler
     
279. Mechanics of Materials, 10th Edition: Russell C. Hibbeler
     
280. Fluid Mechanics, Solutions Manual, 1st Edition: Russell C. Hibbeler
     
281. Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, 14th Edition: Russell C. Hibbeler
     
282. Intimate Relationships, 8th Edition: Rowland Miller
     
283. Abnormal Psychology, 9th Edition: Ronald J. Comer
     
284. Interplay: The Process of Interpersonal Communication, 14th Edition: Ronald B. Adler & Lawrence B. Rosenfeld & Russell F. Proctor II
     
285. Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 6th Edition: Ron Larson & Betsy Farber
     
286. Elementary Linear Algebra, 8th Edition: Ron Larson
     
287. Calculus, 11th Edition: Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards
     
288. Comprehensive Gynecology, 7th Edition: Rogerio A. Lobo & David M Gershenson & Gretchen M Lentz & Fidel A Valea
     
289. Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 5th Edition: Roger L. Lundblad & Fiona Macdonald
     
290. Marketing, 13th Edition: Roger Kerin & Steven Hartley
     
291. Introduction to Wireless Digital Communication: A Signal Processing Perspective, 1st Edition: Robert W. Heath
     
292. Chesley's Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy, 4th Edition: Robert N. Taylor & James M. Roberts & Gary F. Cunningham & Marshall D. Lindheimer
     
293. Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care, 11th Edition: Robert M. Kacmarek & James K. Stoller & Al Heuer
     
294. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition: Robert K. Creasy & Robert Resnik & Jay D. Iams & Charles J. Lockwood & Thomas Moore & Michael F Greene
     
295. Saunders Nursing Drug Handbook 2019, 1st Edition: Robert J. Kizior & Keith Hodgson
     
296. Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications, Global Edition, 7th Edition: Robert J. Gregory
     
297. Genetics: Analysis and Principles, 6th Edition: Robert Brooker
     
298. Clinical Epidemiology: The Essentials, 5th Edition: Robert Fletcher & Suzanne W. Fletcher & Grant S. Fletcher
     
299. Principles of Macroeconomics, 6th Edition: Robert Frank & Ben Bernanke & Kate Antonovics & Ori Heffetz
     
300. Nuclear Engineering Fundamentals: A Practical Perspective, 1st Edition: Robert E. Masterson
     
301. Macroeconomics: Principles and Applications, 6th Edition: Robert E. Hall & Marc Lieberman
     
302. Concepts of Genetics, 1st Edition: Robert Brooker
     
303. College Algebra, 7th Edition: Robert F. Blitzer
     
304. Social Psychology, 14th Edition: Nyla R. Branscombe & Robert A. Baron
     
305. Woelfels Dental Anatomy, 9th Edition: Rickne Scheid & Gabriela Weiss
     
306. Human Genetics Concepts and Applications, 11th Edition: Ricki Lewis
     
307. Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 12th Edition: Richard T. Schaefer
     
308. Essentials of Sociology, 6th Edition: Richard P. Appelbaum & Deborah Carr & Mitchell Duneier & Anthony Giddens
     
309. Laboratory Manual in Physical Geology, 10th Edition: Richard M. Busch & Dennis G. Tasa
     
310. Plain English for Lawyers, 5th Edition: Richard C. Wydick
     
311. Text and Atlas of Wound Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd Edition: Rose Hamm
     
312. The Little Seagull Handbook, 3rd Edition: Richard Bullock & Michal Brody & Francine Weinberg
     
313. Looking at Movies: An Introduction to Film, 5th Edition: Richard Barsam & Dave Monahan
     
314. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 23rd Edition: Richard A. McPherson & Matthew R. Pincus
     
315. The Fish That Ate the Whale: The Life and Times of America's Banana King, 1st Edition: Rich Cohen
     
316. Health: The Basics, The Mastering Health Edition, 12th Edition: Rebecca J. Donatelle
     
317. Introduction to Forest Ecosystem Science and Management, 3rd Edition: Raymond A. Young & Ronald L. Giese
     
318. College Physics, 11th Edition: Raymond A. Serway & Chris Vuille
     
319. Calculus for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 13th Edition: Raymond A. Barnett & Michael R. Ziegler & Karl E. Byleen
     
320. Managerial Accounting, 16th Edition: Ray Garrison & Eric Noreen & Peter Brewer
     
321. Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach with Modern Physics, Global Edition, 4th Edition: Randall D. Knight
     
322. Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics, 8th Edition: Ramesh Chandra & Arman Rahmim
     
323. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, 11th Edition: Petrucci Ralph H. & Herring F. Geoffrey & Madura Jeffry D. & Bissonnette Carey
     
324. Gear Cutting Tools: Science and Engineering, 2nd Edition: Stephen P. Radzevich
     
325. Human Resource Management, 14th Edition, Global Edition: Mondy R. Wayne & Martocchio Joseph J.
     
326. Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals, 2nd Edition: R. Michael Akers & D. Michael Denbow
     
327. Macroeconomics, 6th Edition: R. Glenn Hubbard & Anthony Patrick O'Brien
     
328. Essentials of Economics, 5th Edition: R. Glenn Hubbard & Anthony Patrick O'Brien
     
329. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary, 2012th Edition: Oliver Dörr & Kirsten Schmalenbach
     
330. Pulmonary Pathology: An Atlas and Text, 3rd Edition: Philip T. Cagle
     
331. A Framework for Marketing Management, Global Edition, 6th Edition: Philip Kotler & Kevin Keller
     
332. International Marketing, 17th Edition: Philip R. Cateora & John Graham & Mary C Gilly
     
333. Principles of Marketing, 17th Edition: Philip Kotler & Gary Armstrong
     
334. Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5th Edition: Peter W. Callen
     
335. Psychology, 7th Edition: Peter O. Gray & David F. Bjorklund
     
336. Collaborative Therapy: Relationships And Conversations That Make a Difference, 1st Edition: Harlene Anderson
     
337. Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics, 15th Edition: Peter D Turnpenny & Sian Ellard
     
338. GRE Prep Plus 2021: Kaplan Test Prep
     
339. Introduction to Managerial Accounting, 7th Edition: Peter Brewer & Ray Garrison & Eric Noreen
     
340. Financial Management for Decision Makers, 8th edition: Peter Atrill
     
341. Physical Chemistry: Thermodynamics, Structure, and Change, 10th Edition: Peter Atkins & Julio de Paula
     
342. Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition: Paula Yurkanis Bruice
     
343. The Art and Craft of Problem Solving, 2nd Edition: Paul Zeitz
     
344. International Economics: Theory and Policy, Global Edition, 11th Edition: Marc Melitz & Paul R. Krugman & Maurice Obstfeld
     
345. Statistics for Business and Economics, 8th Edition, Global Edition: Paul Newbold
     
346. Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology, Volume 1, 4th Edition: Paul L. H. McSweeney & Patrick F. Fox & Paul D. Cotter & David W Everett
     
347. Essentials of Economics, 3rd Edition: Paul Krugman & Robin Wells & Kathryn Graddy
     
348. Microeconomics, 4th Edition: Paul Krugman
     
349. Economics, 4th Edition: Paul Krugman & Robin Wells
     
350. World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction, 2nd Edition: Paul Gwynne
     

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Please find the list below:

1. Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses, 15th Edition: April Hazard Vallerand & Cynthia A Sanoski & Judith Hopfer Deglin
   
2. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy through Adolescence, 6th Edition: Arthur Nowak & John R. Christensen & Tad R. Mabry & Janice Alisa Townsend & Martha H. Wells
   
3. Macroeconomics: Principles, Applications, and Tools, 8th Edition: Arthur O'Sullivan & Steven Sheffrin & Stephen Perez
   
4. Crafting & Executing Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: Concepts and Cases, 20th Edition: Arthur Thompson & Margaret Peteraf & John Gamble & A. Strickland
   
5. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, 10th Edition: Audrey T. Berman & Shirlee Snyder & Geralyn Frandsen
   
6. Pickard's Guide to Minimally Invasive Operative Dentistry, 10th Edition: Avit Banerjee & Timothy F. Watson
   
7. Retail Management, Global Edition, 13th Edition: Joel R. Evans & Patrali M. Chatterjee & Barry R. Berman
   
8. The Pancreas: An Integrated Textbook of Basic Science, Medicine, and Surgery, 3rd Edition: Hans G. Beger & Andrew L. Warshaw & Ralph H. Hruban & Markus W. Buchler & Markus M. Lerch & John P. Neoptolemos & Tooru Shimosegawa & David C. Whitcomb
   
9. Principles of Accounting, 12th Edition: Belverd E. Needles & Marian Powers & Susan V. Crosson
   
10. Principles of Accounting, 11th Edition: Belverd E. Needles & Marian Powers & Susan V. Crosson
    
11. Genetics Essentials: Concepts and Connections, 3rd Edition: Benjamin A. Pierce
    
12. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 6th Edition: Benjamin A. Pierce
    
13. We the People, Essentials 11th Edition: Benjamin Ginsberg & Theodore J. Lowi & Caroline J. Tolbert & Margaret Weir
    
14. We the People, Core 11th Edition: Benjamin Ginsberg & Theodore J. Lowi & Caroline J. Tolbert & Margaret Weir
    
15. Renewable Energy: Physics, Engineering, Environmental Impacts, Economics and Planning, 5th Edition: Bent Sørensen
    
16. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences, Global Edition, 9th Edition: Howard Lune & Bruce L. Berg
    
17. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, 8th Edition: Bernard Rosner
    
18. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition: Bertram Katzung
    
19. Integrated Science, 6th Edition: Bill Tillery & Eldon Enger & Frederick Ross
    
20. Physical Science, 11th Edition: Bill Tillery & Stephanie J. Slater & Timothy F. Slater
    
21. The Johns Hopkins Internal Medicine Board Review: Certification and Recertification, 5th Edition: Bimal Ashar & Redonda Miller & Stephen Sisson & Johns Hopkins
    
22. Large Animal Internal Medicine, 5th Edition: Bradford P. Smith
    
23. Calculus: Single Variable, 7th Edition: Deborah Hughes-Hallett & William G. McCallum & Andrew M. Gleason
    
24. McGraw-Hill's Taxation of Individuals and Business Entities, 10th Edition: Brian Spilker & Benjamin Ayers & John Barrick & Edmund Outslay
    
25. Writing and Editing for Digital Media, 3rd Edition: Brian Carroll
    
26. Ecology of Freshwaters: Earth's Bloodstream, 5th Edition: Brian R. Moss
    
27. Anatomy and Physiology Coloring Workbook: A Complete Study Guide, Global Edition, 12th Edition: Elaine N. Marieb & Simone Brito
    
28. Essential Cell Biology, 4th Edition: Bruce Alberts & Dennis Bray & Karen Hopkin & Alexander D Johnson & Julian Lewis & Martin Raff & Keith Roberts & Peter Walter
    
29. Harrisons Manual of Oncology, 2nd Edition: Bruce Chabner & Thomas Lynch & Dan Longo
    
30. Black's Law Dictionary, Abridged, 9th Edition: Bryan A. Garner
    
31. Black's Law Dictionary, Standard, 9th Edition: Bryan A. Garner
    
32. Chemistry, 4th Edition: Julia Burdge
    
33. Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 13th Edition: David Shier & Jackie Butler & Ricki Lewis
    
34. Van De Graaff's Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory, 7th Edition: Byron J. Adams & John L. Crawley
    
35. Contemporary Implant Dentistry, 3rd Edition: Carl E. Misch
    
36. Financial Accounting, 12th Edition: Carl S Warren & James M Reeve & Jonathan Duchac
    
37. Statistics for Business and Economics: Global Edition, 11th Edition: Paul Newbold & William Carlson & Betty Thorne
    
38. Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body, 6th Edition: Carmine D. Clemente
    
39. Clemente's Anatomy Dissector, 3rd Edition: Carmine D. Clemente
    
40. Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition: Carol R. Taylor
    
41. Private Security and the Law, 5th Edition: Charles P. Nemeth
    
42. Human Resource Management in a Hospitality ,1st Edition: Jerald Chesser
    
43. The Chicano Experience: An Alternative Perspective: Alfredo Mirandé
    
44. Nuclear Physics of Stars, 2nd Edition: Christian Iliadis
    
45. International Human Resource Management, 4th Edition: Christopher Brewster & Elizabeth Houldsworth & Paul Sparrow & Guy Vernon
    
46. Social Engineering: The Science of Human Hacking, 2nd Edition: Christopher Hadnagy
    
47. Psychology, 5th Edition, Global Edition: Saundra K. Ciccarelli & J. Noland White
    
48. Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition: Cinnamon VanPutte & Jennifer Regan & Andrew Russo
    
49. Mass Media Law, 20th Edition: Clay Calvert & Dan V. Kozlowski & Derigan Silver
    
50. Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 1st Edition: Paul F. Kemp & Jonathan J. Cole & Barry F. Sherr & Evelyn B. Sherr
    
51. Gray Hat Hacking: The Ethical Hacker's Handbook, 5th Edition: Allen Harper & Daniel Regalado & Ryan Linn & Stephen Sims & Branko Spasojevic & Linda Martinez & Michael Baucom & Chris Eagle & Shon Harris
    
52. Heinemann Physics 12, 4th Edition: Doug Bail & Greg Moran & Keith Burrows & Rob Chapman & Ann Conibear & Carmel Fry
    
53. Nursing2018 Drug Handbook, 38th Edition: Lippincott
    
54. College Algebra: Concepts Through Functions, 4th Edition: Michael Sullivan & Michael Sullivan III
    
55. Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy: Globalization, Innovation and Sustainability, 15th Edition: Thomas L. Wheelen & J. David Hunger & Alan N. Hoffman & Charles E. Bamford
    
56. Master the Boards USMLE Step 2 CK, 4th Edition: Conrad Fischer
    
57. Master the Boards USMLE Step 3, 5th Edition: Conrad Fischer
    
58. Criminological and Forensic Psychology, 2nd Edition: Helen Gavin
    
59. Cultural Anthropology, 15th Edition: Carol R. Ember & Melvin Ember
    
60. Concepts of Genetics, Global Edition, 11th Edition: Michael A. Palladino & Charlotte A. Spencer & Michael R. Cummings & William S. Klug
    
61. Marketing Research, Global Edition, 8th Edition: D Pati
    
62. Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, 1st Edition: D.B.A. Mehdi Khosrow-Pour
    
63. No B.S. Direct Marketing: The Ultimate No Holds Barred Kick Butt Take No Prisoners Direct Marketing for Non-Direct Marketing Businesses, 3rd Edition: Dan S. Kennedy
    
64. Horngren's Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis, Global Edition, 16th Edition: Srikant M. Datar & Madhav V. Rajan
    
65. Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 8th Edition: David C. Howell
    
66. Encyclopedia of School Health, 1st Edition: David C. Wiley & Amy C. Cory
    
67. Myers' Psychology for AP®, 2nd Edition: David G. Myers
    
68. Exploring Psychology, 10th Edition: David G. Myers & C. Nathan DeWall
    
69. Psychology, 11th Edition: David C. Myers & C. Nathan DeWall
    
70. An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology: Processes and disorders, 3rd Edition: David Groome
    
71. Fundamentals of Physics, 10th Edition: David Halliday & Robert Resnick & Jearl Walker
    
72. McMinn's Concise Human Anatomy, 2nd Edition: David Heylings & Stephen W. Carmichael & Samuel John Leinster & Janak Saada
    
73. Cardiac Intensive Care, 3rd Edition: David L. Brown
    
74. Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, 4th Edition: David L. Katz & Joann G. Elmore & Dorothea Wild & Sean C Lucan
    
75. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 7th Edition: David L. Nelson & Michael M. Cox
    
76. Anesthesiology, 3rd Edition: David E. Longnecker & Mark F. Newman & Warren M. Zapol & Warren Sandberg & Sean Mackey
    
77. Real Estate Principles: A Value Approach, 5th Edition: David Ling & Wayne Archer
    
78. The Practice of Statistics for Business and Economics, 4th Edition: Layth C. Alwan & Bruce A. Craig
    
79. Employment Law for Business, 9th Edition: Dawn Bennett-Alexander & Laura Hartman
    
80. McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, 10th Edition: Jeffrey A. Dean
    
81. Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices, 6th Edition: Denise M. Harmening
    
82. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th Edition: Dennis L. Kasper & Anthony S. Fauci & Stephen L. Hauser & Dan L. Longo & J. Larry Jameson & Joseph Loscalzo
    
83. Public Relations: Strategies and Tactics, Global Edition, 11th Edition: Dennis L. Wilcox & Glen T. Cameron & Bryan H. Reber
    
84. A Pocket Style Manual, APA Version, 7th Edition: Diana Hacker & Nancy Sommers
    
85. Physical Geology: Earth Revealed, 9th Edition: Diane Carlson & Charles Plummer
    
86. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Edition: Donald C Rizzo
    
87. Intermediate Accounting, 16th Edition: Donald E. Kieso & Jerry J. Weygandt & Terry D. Warfield
    
88. Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level, 5th Edition: Donald Voet & Judith G. Voet & Charlotte W. Pratt
    
89. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care, Single Volume, 9th Edition: Donna D. Ignatavicius & M. Linda Workman & Cherie Rebar
    
90. Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 6th Edition: Douglas C. Montgomery & George C. Runger
    
91. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 11th Edition: Douglas P. Zipes & Peter Libby & Robert O. Bonow & Douglas L. Mann & Gordon F. Tomaselli
    
92. Rock Slope Engineering: Civil Applications, 5th Edition: Duncan C. Wyllie
    
93. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 11th Edition: Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens & Dennis G. Tasa
    
94. Earth Science, 14th Edition: Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens & Dennis G. Tasa
    
95. Applications and Investigations in Earth Science, 8th Edition: Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens & Dennis G. Tasa & Kenneth G. Pinzke
    
96. Cunningham and Gilstrap's Operative Obstetrics, 3rd Edition: Edward R. Yeomans & Barbara L. Hoffman & Larry C. Gilstrap & F. Gary Cunningham
    
97. International Human Resource Management: Globalization, National Systems and Multinational Companies, New edition: Tony Edwards & Chris Rees
    
98. Anatomy and Physiology Coloring Workbook: A Complete Study Guide, 12th Edition: Elaine N. Marieb & Simone Brito
    
99. Human Anatomy, 8th Edition, Global Edition: Marieb Elaine & Wilhelm Patricia Brady & Mallatt Jon B.
    
100. Intermediate Accounting, 2nd Edition: Elizabeth A. Gordon & Jana S. Raedy & Alexander J. Sannella
     
101. Concepts in Enterprise Resource Planning, 4th Edition: Ellen Monk & Bret Wagner
     
102. Social Psychology, 9th Edition: Elliot Aronson & Timothy D. Wilson & Robin M. Akert & Samuel R. Sommers
     
103. Abnormal Child Psychology, 6th Edition: Eric J Mash & David A Wolfe
     
104. Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming, 1st Edition: Eric Matthes
     
105. Essentials of Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age, 1st Edition: Kenneth J. Guest
     
106. Intermediate Financial Management, 13th Edition: Eugene F. Brigham & Phillip R. Daves
     
107. Fundamentals of Financial Management, Concise Edition, 9th Edition: Eugene F. Brigham & Joel F. Houston
     
108. Operations and Supply Chain Management, 15th Edition: F. Robert Jacobs & Richard Chase
     
109. Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 3rd Edition: J. Kenneth Shultis & Richard E. Faw
     
110. Compound Semiconductors: Physics, Technology, and Device Concepts, 1st Edition: Ferdinand Scholz
     
111. Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not, 1st Edition: Florence Nightingale
     
112. Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies, 13th Edition: Frances Sizer & Ellie Whitney
     
113. Anatomy, Physiology, & Pathology Complementary Therapists Level 2 and 3, 3rd Edition: Francesca Gould
     
114. Organic Chemistry, 10th Edition: Francis Carey & Robert Giuliano
     
115. Customer Relationship Management: Concepts and Technologies, 3rd Edition: Francis Buttle & Stan Maklan
     
116. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community, 9th Edition: Fred E. Jandt
     
117. Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 7th Edition: Frederic H. Martini & Edwin F. Bartholomew
     
118. The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, 13th Edition: Lutgens Frederick K & Tarbuck Edward J. & Tasa Dennis G.
     
119. Foundations of Earth Science, 8th Edition: Frederick K. Lutgens & Edward J. Tarbuck & Dennis G. Tasa
     
120. Essentials of Contemporary Management, 6th Edition: Gareth Jones & Jennifer George
     
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*this passage is combine of tons of history
*TO BE HONEST, I can't… give summary with this passage… so anyone who can give summary pls comment btw…
*be sure that u guys read all this passage, because her things too big…
*Like always, this passage will combine with three language.
*The slave trade is always an indelible sore in American history, for the perpetrators, for the victims.
|。•ω•)っ◆ **♬◇♪ starto♭★****
1.A brief history of Haiti
Haiti was originally the habitat of the Arawak tribe of the Indian tribe. The name "Haiti" is derived from the language of the indigenous Arawak, meaning "mountain". The Arawak is now extinct.
Columbus sailed here in 1492, and named the island Hispaniola (Spain Island), and officially became a Spanish colony in 1502. Due to smallpox, the Alawak, who lacked immunity, became extinct. The Spaniards then trafficked a large number of black slaves from Africa. Since the Spanish invasion, the indigenous people have rapidly reduced to extinction. The colonial masters introduced a large number of black slaves from Africa in order to supplement their labor, and Haiti has since become a black country to develop its agricultural economy.
In 1697, under the Treaty of Ryswick, Haiti was ceded to France and became a French colony. As a result, Haiti has been influenced by many religions, politics, and costumes from France. Culturally, native African civilizations + foreign European civilizations have also merged. Haitian food is now mostly French.
In 1791, the black leader Dusan Luvitul led the Haitians to wage an independence war and became the first country in Latin America to fight for independence. In 1804, the insurgents captured Port-au-Prince, declared independence, and established a republic. However, after independence, Haiti failed to establish an effective democratic system. The political situation was turbulent, and the dictators continued to be overthrown and overthrown. From the independence of Haiti to the year of 1915, a total of nearly 90 rulers came to power.
Since 1915, the United States has basically occupied Haiti and controlled most government departments.
The total population of Haiti is about 2.5 million people. 95% of them were descendants of West African and Congolese slaves who were brought to Haiti from 1518 to 1801. The other 5% are Eurasian and less than 3,000 Europeans. In this era, natives were called "blacks" or "creoles" and Europeans were called "whites".
The official religion in Haiti is Roman Catholicism, but in fact, most people believe in a mixed religion of voodoo and Catholicism, and they believe that the two are inseparable. The content of the voodoo faith will be explained in more detail later.
In short, this is a country where black people organized themselves to overthrow the white regime, and the conflicts between Haiti and European countries were also serious at that time. White people couldn't even go out there alone, wearing guns and the like. Weapons dare to take to the streets (to some extent, this also explains why the identity of the Pattia biracial is considered a "curse" by the locals)
2.19th Century New Orleans and Black Trafficking
Before talking about New Orleans, let's briefly talk about the slave trade (or Atlantic slave trade).
The Atlantic slave trade, or the transatlantic slave trade. Refers to the 16th to 19th centuries (also known as early as the 15th century and continued until the 20th century), in the Atlantic Rim, the African continent as cheap labor to provide trade to the colonies of the American continent. The source of slaves was mainly western and central Africa. Blacks were captured and trafficked to the American continent by Europeans through trade or attacks, abductions and other means. This trading activity is also known as the black slave trade in modern times, but in fact, this statement is not appropriate because, before the Middle Ages, black slave trade activities appeared, so the words Transatlantic should be added.
Slave traders include (in order of size): Portuguese, English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and American. Some traders have outposts off the coast of Africa, and the outposts have local tribal leaders they bought to provide them with slaves. In the slave trade with strong colonialism that lasted for about 400 years, it is currently estimated that about 12 million slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas. Some scholars have obtained relatively higher data, especially from Africa. After counting the 10 million people who died in shipping, Africa's population loss data can reach 30 million
The triangle trade we are familiar with occurred in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. From then on, the slave trade was a violation of human rights. Secondly, it no longer received tangible benefits. It was gradually banned by European countries. Only in the United States, because of the problems in the South, it was banned repeatedly and eventually evolved into the American Civil War.
Then talk back to New Orleans.
New Orleans (French:La Nouvelle-Orléans) New Orleans is the main port city in the United States. It is located in the south of Louisiana and is the largest city in the state. Administratively co-located with Orleans Parish. New Orleans is known for its numerous French buildings, Creole cuisine, and rich musical forms (the birthplace of jazz), and is also known as "the most unique city in the United States." However, because New Orleans is located in the estuary swamp area, most of the urban area is below sea level and is more affected by hurricanes.
However, it was not so beautiful in the nineteenth century.
Residents of New Orleans, first of all, were French, and later Spanish and Caribbean, and slaves from Africa. For the first time, it was incompatible with British and American culture. Even for a long time, they did not welcome white Americans, even British and Americans, to enter New Orleans.
It can be said that in the past two hundred years, the culture here is very different from other American cities, and even different from many parts of the southern United States. Although the economic structure of the southern United States is similar, it is actually quite different. These once different languages, cultures, fashions, and beliefs are now closely intertwined, and evolved into carnival, jazz, and voodoo, and evolved into a unique New Orleans culture full of Creo style.
To put it simply, this was a rare and inclusive city in the South at the time. There were both slaves and black people living as free people. In addition, black people actually have a certain amount of power and territory in the local area, and the universal abolitionist movement has also given them a certain deterrent and rebellious spirit against white people.
The four largest slave rebellion schemes in American history occurred during a period of 31 years, around the early 19th century. The first plot of the rebellion was organized by Gabriel, a Virginia slave. Eleven years later, slave riots took place in sugar cane plantations in the upper reaches of New Orleans. About 200 to 500 men and women marched into New Orleans with cane machetes, axes, sticks, and some firearms. They destroyed property along the way, and scared white people along the way to flee to New Orleans in terror.
Two days later, the state's militia and regulars exchanged fire with the insurgents, and after a fierce battle killed 63 people, they were dispersed. Soon afterwards, all the leaders of the riot were beheaded. The only explanation for their behavior by the captured rebels was that, as one said, they wanted to "kill the white people", but it seemed that they were encouraged by the success of the Haitian slave revolution not long ago.
Two days later, the state's militia and regulars exchanged fire with the insurgents, and after a fierce battle killed 63 people, they were dispersed. Soon afterwards, all the leaders of the riot were beheaded. The only explanation for their behavior by the captured rebels was that, as one said, they wanted to "kill the white people", but it seemed that they were encouraged by the success of the Haitian slave revolution not long ago.
In addition, the last recorded slave ship to land in the United States was the Clotilde, which illegally smuggled some Africans to Mobile, Alabama, in 1859. Therefore, Patricia should arrive in New Orleans earlier than this time point, and according to the point of view of a later time, the time point when she deduced the end of the story should be the time point when the slave ship has not been abolished (more on that later).
3.Voodoo and its deities
Vodun (Vodun vodṹ), also translated Voodoo, the most common translation in the country affected by the Western media's impression of discrimination is voodoo. It is a belief of the Fon people that is popular in Benin, south-central Togo, and Ghana and Nigeria. It is a native African religion.
Voodoo is significantly different from the traditional beliefs of other landlocked countries in Africa. Since then, African Americans have been taken to the Americas, extending out of voodoo in Haiti, voodoo in Dominica, voodoo in Cuba, voodoo in brazil, and voodoo in Louisiana.
Voodoo is significantly different from the traditional beliefs of other landlocked countries in Africa. Since then, African Americans have been taken to the Americas, extending out of voodoo in Haiti, voodoo in Dominica, voodoo in Cuba, voodoo in brazil, and voodoo in Louisiana.
Fudu means soul and deity in Fon language. Voodoo is widely believed in Western countries such as Benin and is now the state religion of Benin. Although voodoo is a religion, it has no doctrines and scriptures, nor has it been recognized as a religious legal person. During the ceremony, drumming, singing and dancing, with animals as sacrifices, God will understand the possession of people. The priest who presided over Voodoo was called Hong An (Fon: hùn gan).
Voodoo followed the slave trade of the Kingdom of Dahomey and was taken by black slaves to the Americas, extending various branches. Among them, Fudu, Haiti is the best known. And what Patricia believed in should be the extension of the branch of Haiti's Voodoo.
Vodou is a Haitian Creole word that formerly referred to only a small subset of Haitian rituals. The word derives from an Ayizo word referring to mysterious forces or powers that govern the world and the lives of those who reside within it, but also a range of artistic forms that function in conjunction with these vodun energies. Two of the major speaking populations of Ayizo are the Ewe and the Fon—European slavers called both the Arada. These two peoples composed a sizable number of the early enslaved population in St. Dominigue. In Haiti, practitioners occasionally use "Vodou" to refer to Haitian religion generically, but it is more common for practitioners to refer to themselves as those who "serve the spirits" (sèvitè) by participating in ritual ceremonies, usually called a "service to the loa" (sèvis lwa) or an "African service" (sèvis gine). These terms also refer to religion as a whole.
4.Haitian Voodoo
Outside of Haiti, the term Vodou refers to the entirety of traditional Haitian religious practice. Originally written as vodun, it is first recorded in Doctrina Christiana, a 1658 document written by the King of Allada's ambassador to the court of Philip IV of Spain.In the following centuries, Vodou was eventually taken up by non-Haitians as a generic descriptive term for traditional Haitian religion. There are many used orthographies for this word. Today, the spelling, “Vodou” is the most commonly accepted orthography in English. Other potential spellings include Vodoun, vaudou, and voodoo, with vau- or vou- prefix variants reflecting French orthography, and a final -n reflecting the nasal vowel in West African or older, non-urbanized, Haitian Creole pronunciations.
The spelling voodoo, once very common, is now generally avoided by Haitian practitioners and scholars when referring to the Haitian religion. This is both to avoid confusion with Louisiana Voodoo, a related but distinct set of religious practices, as well as to separate Haitian Vodou from the negative connotations and misconceptions the term "voodoo" has acquired in popular culture.
Over the years, practitioners and their supporters have called on various institutions including the Associated Press to redress this misrepresentation by adopting "Vodou" in reference to the Haitian religion. In October 2012, the Library of Congress decided to change their subject heading from "Voodooism" to Vodou in response to a petition by a group of scholars and practitioners in collaboration with KOSANBA, the scholarly association for the study of Haitian Vodou based at University of California Santa Barbara.
here’s a link to there: Haitian Voodoo
There are 401 deities in Voodoo, which belong to 21 denominations. These gods come to help people solve some problems they encounter. Although voodoo activities vary in different countries, regions, and even villages, voodoo believes that the gods are mainly divided into two groups or two races. The Lada people mainly come from Benin's indigenous beliefs. They are all good gods, the most friendly to humans, and the gods that Voodoo pray to for the most help.
The other is the Pedro, and there are many opinions about the origin of this protoss. Some people think this is the god of the Congo, some people think it is a god that appeared after the slaves came to Haiti, and some people simply think that these gods "are not from Africa." Not all Pedro gods are evil gods, but they are indeed more violent and hostile to humans. All Radha gods have their corresponding Pedro gods (or its dark side). Few Voodoos dare to sacrifice the god Pedro, lest they provoke their anger.
Of course, because Haiti's Voodoo was founded later, the sacrifices dedicated to these gods are actually quite secular, such as spirits, cigarettes, and even magazines. Once the gods appear, are fed and given assistance or advice, they leave the meeting. However, some gods are very secular, and they may even play tricks. For example, the Guiwa tribe is famous for "just another cigarette or a drink"
Most of them are very secular and even cool
Portrait of Baron Samadi, Voodoo
( please devs do this ahhhh with JACKKKK!!!)
In short, there are some small details, which will be described later.
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What is Hudu?
Voodoo is Vodun, and Hu is Hoodoo. Hinduism is folk magic sourced from Voodoo. However, it lacks complete beliefs, deities, and systems like Voodoo. It is mainly cursed and magic rituals. It is now popular in New Orleans, USA.
Of course, Hu Du originated earlier, and it was only after the voodoo education, that culturally unknown. All in all, it is more like pure witchcraft and technology than the whole religion. The monkey head used by Patricia should also belong to Hudu rather than Voodoo because she had been rejected by Voodoo gods.
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19th Century Scientific Racism
Racism refers to a set of far-right social ideologies. The basic belief is that human beings can be classified into different and unaffiliated "ethnic races". Therefore, it is claimed that the inherited physical characteristics directly determine human nature, IQ, and morality. Etc. cultural and behavioral characteristics, and claim that people of certain races are inherently superior to people of other races. Racism also favors treating people of certain races with contempt, hate, contempt, or racial discrimination.
In the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, racism was a kind of pseudoscience. It was once studied by a group of scholars as a humanity and a social science. (Of course, scientific racism is different from anthropology and ethnology. The latter two are based on the perspective of equality, and will be discriminatory from the perspective of the times; scientific racism is itself a study to prove discrimination)
Later, American doctor Samuel A. Cartwright, who will be mentioned in Patricia's inference, is one of the promoters of scientific racism.
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Deduction part
1.A Photo: A dark-skinned woman in a headscarf is carrying a baby in her arms.
A Photo: A dark-skinned woman in a headscarf is carrying a baby in her arms.
1.妈妈:掷骰子前喊出她的名字吧！你会获得好运。
一张照片：包着头巾的深色妇人怀里抱着一个婴孩。
1.お母さん:サイコロを振る前に彼女の名前を呼んでみて！
あなたに幸運をもたらしてくれるかもよ。
一枚の写真：スカーフを頭に巻いた色黒のご婦人が腕に赤ん坊を抱えている。
The beginning of the story was adopted by Patricia as a baby and raised by her adoptive mother. At that time, her adoptive mother loved this little baby from Haiti and thought that Patricia could bring good luck to the people around her and herself.
The game they play here should be Craps.
According to legend, the invention of dice was originally used as a divination prop, not a gambling prop. It was not until the Middle Ages that dice were used as a winning betting game. Hundreds of years ago, a game popular in Britain called Hazard dice was the prototype of Craps, the most popular dice game today. Citi dice is a game brought by French settlers to New Orleans. The word actually comes from a game in ancient France, Crapaud (meaning "toad" in French-because players often get together in the streets and play like toads).
As for the name "Patricia", it is derived from the male name Patrick and is derived from the Latin "nobleman". The name became more and more popular when Queen Victoria's granddaughter Princess Patricia was born in 1886 and was eventually called Patsy by family and friends.
In a sense, her name was indeed blessed by her adoptive mother.
2.Banjo: In this city, music has never been too far from people.
A Photo: A dark-skinned man playing the banjo dressed in rags and with whiplash marks on his hands and feet.
2.班卓琴:在这座城市，音乐从来不曾高高在上。
一张照片：抱着班卓琴弹奏的深肤色男性，穿着破烂，手脚有鞭痕。
2.バンジョー:音楽はこの街で高みに立った物ではない
一枚の写真：バンジョーを弾いている色黒の男性、服がボロボロで、手足に鞭で打たれた痕がある。
Banjo, also known as turtledove or ukulele, is an African-American slave developed from several African musical instruments. The current banjos have 4-string and 6-string. Among them, the six-stringed banjo is more popular than guitar. Banjo used to appear in traditional African-American music and 19th-century minstrel shows. Today, it is mostly used to play country and bluegrass music. Kind of music.
Patricia was rescued by her mother after being abandoned, so she was free and did not live as a slave. But at that time, more black people had certain personal freedom during the rest period, but their lives and bodies were bought, and most of them could only work to death in the plantation. Music was their only comfort and light of life.
Patricia was brought by her mother since she was a child, and she kept in touch with these people, and she also had a certain opinion on the relationship between blacks and whites. Perhaps she was very disgusted and hated whites like most blacks at that time. At that time, she also longed for equality and hoped that everyone born in the world should be given due respect.
3.Bloodline: "You are special", mother used to say.
"You will be a great shaman. Your mother is from Haiti and she'll be proud of you."
3.血统:"你是特别的。”妈妈常常这样说。
"你会成为出色的巫师，你的母亲来自海地，她一定会为你骄傲。“
3.血統:「あなたは特別なの」お母さんはよくこう言っていた。
「あなたはきっと立派な魔術師になれるよ、あなたのお母さんはハイチ出身よ、きっとあなたのことを誇りに思うわ」
One of the reasons Patricia was valued by her adoptive mother was that she was born in Haiti, so her witchcraft was pure. So the question is, who is Patricia's adoptive mother?
In America, voodoo worship is generally matrilineal. The Order is led by a priestess, known as the "Queen of Voodoo", and her mantle will only be passed on to her daughter. The priestess would choose a man to serve as her assistant. This assistant would eventually become the "voodoo king" and preside over the ceremonies and ceremonies, while the priestess would be watching, occasionally giving orders or making suggestions. (In Haiti, the true leader of the Order is more often a "king" than a "queen.") A priestess is often referred to as a "prince". (Such as Smith, Jones, etc.)
Parthia's mother is likely to be such a "voodoo queen", and she adopted Patricia not only because of her background but also because she wanted someone to inherit her powers.
I will analyze the prototype of Patricia's mother later, this is indeed not a simple woman
4.Damballa: It's not that you've chosen to believe in him, but that he has chosen you.
Note 1: Prepare the white rum and seven different color snakes, light up seven candles at midnight, and read the following spell: "With the white rum as holy water and the great serpent spirit, Damballa, grant me strength." Seven days later at midnight, the target will return home.
4.丹巴拉:并不是你选择信奉他，而是他选择了你。
笔记1：准备白朗姆和七条不同颜色蛇，在午夜点亮七只蜡烛，念出以下咒语：”以白朗姆作为神圣之水，伟大的蛇神丹巴拉，请赐予我祈求的力量。“七日后的午夜，施术对象会回到家中。
4.タンブラ:お前が彼を選んだんじゃない、彼がお前を選んだのだ。
ノート1：白ラム酒と七匹色の違う蛇を用意して、真夜中に七本のろうそくに火をつけて、
「白ラム酒を聖なる水として、偉大なる蛇の神タンブラ、我に祈りの力を」と呪文を唱える。
七日後の真夜中に施術対象者は家に戻る。
The white rum and the seven snakes of different colors here should actually refer to two voodoo gods:
Dambala We`do: Patriarch of Radha's deities (elves in a sense). The incarnation of the snake is white.
Ayida We`do: Dambala's wife. The incarnation of the rainbow.
White Rum sacrificed to Dambara, and seven different colored snakes sacrificed to his wife. Here Patricia should have grown up, trying to teach her mother to teach her own witchcraft.
Here is a popular science about the location of the voodoo surgery. They generally have special surgery rooms:
Humfa
The place where voodoo rituals are performed is called Humfa. This place can be a room in a witch's house, it can be an open-air shed, it can be an abandoned building, or it can be a house specially built for the ceremony. If Humfa is located indoors, a foyer will be set up at the door where believers will wait for the ceremony to begin.
Lines and threads are drawn on the floor of the porch leading to Humfa, and these patterns are said to prevent evil spirits from entering. According to the theory of Voodoo, the evil god respected the patterned lines and was eventually lost in it.
Two pillars will be erected inside Humfa, one for women to gather around, and the other for men. Snakes or dancers are usually painted on the walls, and necklaces made of snake spines are hung. In addition, the Christian background of Voodoo is also reflected in the design of Humfa: there are also crosses and portraits of the Virgin Mary around. The altar was placed in the forefront of the room and covered with a white tablecloth with wine, fruits, pastries and tobacco dedicated to the gods. The decoration on the ground in front of the altar symbolizes the passage of the gods into Humfa: the circle on the northmost side represents the earth, the westmost represents the sky, and the southernmost represents the ocean. Grains are often sprinkled around these patterns. The drummers who accompanied the ceremonial dance were sitting on the right side of the altar, and the priest was sitting on the high-heeled stool on the left.
Here, the witchcraft performed by Patricia should be used to find people and things, but it has just begun and has not yet yielded results. Mother told Patricia that it was Dambara who chose the wizard, not her belief in him-in other words, her rituals did not necessarily yield results.
Here's another explanation: Adoptive mother Patricia may have been instructed by Dan Barra-she thinks there is a connection between the baby and God, and she finally decides to raise her.
5.Unreachable: Wait, my daughter, you need to be more patient.
Note 2: Holy shamans over the age of 40 can communicate with Damballa. These shamans should be compassionate, kind, and respectful of nature and peace. Damballa is not a spirit who can be summoned by sacrifice. This connection is highly-related to the shaman's energy.
5.难以企及:等待，我的女儿，你需要更多耐心。
笔记2：年满40岁的神圣巫师可以与丹巴拉交流，这些巫师应当具备同情心、善良、敬重自然与和平。丹巴拉并不是可以凭借献祭就能获得联系的神明，这种交流与巫师的正向能量有关。
5.遠く及ばない:待つのよ、私のお嬢ちゃん、あなたは辛抱強さが足りないわ。
ノート2：40歳の聖なる魔術師はタンブラと交流することができる。
魔術師は同情心があり、善良で、自然と平和を敬わなければならない。
タンブラはいけにえを捧げるだけでつながりを持っている神様ではない。
こういった交流は魔術師のポジティブパワーと関わっている。
Sure enough, Patricia's ritual failed. She must have been very frustrated then, and her adoptive mother comforted her. The adoptive mother believes that Patricia has no awakening power. On the one hand, she may be too young and proud, so she has not been recognized by Dambara; combined with the following, she may also think that if Patricia returns to her hometown of Haiti, her power may be Only then will you be strengthened, and you can establish contact with Dambara.
6.Proud: My beautiful daughter.
You are my pride and joy, she said.
6.骄傲:我美丽的女儿。
你是我的骄傲，她这样说道。
6.誇り:私の美しい娘。
「あなたは私の誇りよ」と彼女は言った。
As time passed, Patricia became an adult and had her own ideas. Maybe her use of witchcraft has not been as smooth as expected, so she came up with the idea of ​​returning to her hometown of Haiti to find the source. As a voodoo queen, her adoptive mother had obvious connections from Haiti and was happy to arrange trips for her daughter.
Before leaving, she told Patricia that Patricia was her pride. As a mother, she sent blessings and praises to her daughter.
7.Papa Legba: He is the intermediary between Loa and mortals.
Note 3: Prepare crutches, broad-brimmed hats, pipes, and high-quality tobacco, light a candle, and call on the name of Papa Legba. Papa Legba will assess the caster and allow or deny them permission to talk to the returned spirits.
7.力高爸:诸罗华与凡人的中介，沟通之桥。
笔记3：准备拐杖、宽边帽、烟斗、优质烟草，点燃一支蜡烛，呼唤力高爸老爹的名字。力高爸会审视施术者，允许或拒绝他们与归里的灵魂交谈。
7.リゴバ:天神との仲介役、橋渡し。
ノート3：杖、つばの広い帽子、喫煙パイプ、質の良いタバコ葉を用意し、
一本のろうそくに火をつけ、リゴバおやじの名前を呼ぶ。
リゴバは施術者を見極め、グリの魂との会話を許可または拒絶する
Papa Legba is one of the Loa of Voodoo in Haiti. He is the intermediary between Loa and mortals. Papa Legba lives at the junction of the living world and the post-mortem world, and can allow or deny people to talk to the soul of Guilee (the post-mortem world in Haiti's Voodoo religion). Human language. In Haiti, Papa Legba is considered an outstanding speaker. Lego Dad can assist in communication, speaking, and understanding.
Papa Legba's image is usually an old man with a cane, a wide-brimmed hat, smoking a pipe or splashing water, and the dog takes him as his god. Papa Legba often used St. Peter, St. Lazarus, and St. Anthony of Lisbon.
So the question came, what did Patricia ask?
She may be looking for the source, asking Papa Legba about her father and where is he.
Here, Patricia should have returned to Haiti, and tried to call Papa Legba to try to communicate with many elves. I think that she successfully called the elf and also knew what she wanted to know-but I mentioned before: when Voodoo casts a spell, there will usually be someone nearby.
As the daughter of her adoptive mother, Patricia is estimated to be the elder of Haiti's Voodoo or years of sacrifice. She has a high status and may be a wizard who can communicate with Dambara over 40 years old. If Patricia knew something through rituals, they should also know.
So the question came, what did Patricia ask?
She may be looking for the source, asking about Father Ligo's own father and where is him.
As a result, it is conceivable that the sacrifice of Haiti now understands the fact that Patricia is a dirty mixed race.
8.Shame: My unfortunate daughter.
You are a disgrace to me, she said.
8.羞耻:我不幸的女儿。
你是我的耻辱，她这样说道。
8.恥:私の不幸な娘。
「あなたは私の恥だ」と彼女は言った。
Those priests may have put Patricia under house arrest for warning reasons after the ceremony and wrote to inform her adoptive mother of what happened. Patricia is shocked and unacceptable. She hopes her mother can tell her that these are fakes, and she is not a mixed race.
However, the letter her mother sent her wrote: You are my disgrace.
9."Cursed": They call me a bastard.
Now I know why the seed of sin is the product of violence. The other half came from an invader who destroyed her homeland.
9.“诅咒”:他们称呼我为，杂种。
现在我知道为什么了，罪孽的孩子，暴行的产物。那另一半血统来自一个践踏她故乡的入侵者。
9.「呪い」 :みんな私のことを雑種と呼んでいる。
その理由は今わかった。
罪の種、暴行の産物。
その半分の血統は彼女の故郷を踏みにじった侵入者からきている。
When things were clear, Patricia also lost the protection her adoptive mother gave her. The Voodoo congregation in Haiti will certainly no longer look good on Patricia, insulting her as a "hybrid" in public, and asking her to leave Haiti and return to New Orleans. Fortunately, in the deduction, she should not have been substantially harmed in these matters (At the time, Haiti was very chaotic and it was easy to cause human life)
After she returned to New Orleans, although her adoptive mother accepted her temporarily, the relationship between the two was definitely not as good as before. Perhaps through certain voodoo methods, her adoptive mother found out Patisia's birth: she was not born into love or other affection, and her life was just the accidental product of an atrocity.
The evil of slavery in the United States is difficult to say, as the famous abolitionist Ver Douglas revealed: "Slavery in the United States grants a person the right to use and forcibly treat the body and soul of others as property. The situation is almost like a beast. He is a property ... his own virtue, conscience, wisdom, and feelings are completely abandoned by the owner. " 1978 edition, pages 19-20.)
Therefore, the situation of black people under slavery is extremely tragic. Generally speaking, female slaves are more difficult, painful, and restricted than male slaves in all aspects. In addition to engaging in forced labor like male slaves, they also have to bear the pain of childbirth and abuse that ignores their female characteristics. In addition, it has become a common tool for white male slaves to become a female sex slave.
Whether they are female slaves on the plantation or female planters' homes, in addition to being used as labor, they are also used as a tool for childbearing.
Thomas Sowell pointed out in "A Brief History of American Race": "The United States had the largest number of slaves in the Western Hemisphere in 1825. However, other countries actually imported more slaves than the United States, and Brazil imported the United States. Six times. The difference is that the United States is the only country where slaves can breed offspring and maintain population growth in accordance with the laws of nature. "
Among them, "Maryland is a state that breeds slaves, where men, women, and children are raised and sold" (Note: Yang Shengmao: Foreword, p. 21).
It is more profitable to sell slaves than to use slaves. As a result, slave owners treated female slaves as "females" and forced childbearing. Therefore, the price of female slaves is valued according to the shape of the milk / room, and the "girl" among the female slaves is the most valuable. A Baltimore slave owner William Otter's property chart in 1773 shows that a 25-year-old girl named Nanny is worth $ 40, a 20-year-old girl named Hanna is worth $ 45, and a 30-year-old male slave named Jack is worth $ 16.25 (Note: Mabel E. Deutrich and Virginia. C. Purdy ed., Clio Was A Woman, Studies in the History of American Women. Washington, 1980, p. 59.).
"Lhasa, flowed 4 times, brought 7 children to this world, but died 5. Now she is pregnant again. She cried that her back pain was terrible because a tumor in her back working on the ground had swelling It's very big. I think her back pain may be due to tumor rupture. "(Note: Gerda Lerner, OP.Cit., Pp. 48-50.)
In short, Patricia's impure bloodline is more like a tragic creation of history. Her adoptive mother sympathized with her adoptive daughter, but couldn't ignore her birth-so she and other black people eventually called this the "curse" of Patricia.
10."Science": Just like democracy is not for everyone, science is also for the minority.
Burnt Book: "Dr. Cartwright on the Caucasians and the Africans" is printed on the cover.
10.“科学”:就像少数人的民主一样，那也是少数人的科学。
被烧毁的书：封面印着”卡特莱特博士论高加索人种与非洲人种“
10.「科学」 :少人数の民主と同じように、それも少人数の科学だ。
燃やされた本：表紙に「カトライト博士のコーカサス人種とアフリカ人種について」と書かれている。
When things were clear, Patricia also lost the asylum given to her by her adoptive mother. The Voodoo congregation in Haiti will certainly no longer look good on Patricia, insulting her as a "hybrid" in public, and asking her to leave Haiti and return to New Orleans. Fortunately, in the deduction, she should not have been substantially harmed in these matters (At the time, Haiti was very chaotic and it was easy to cause human life and the like)
After she returned to New Orleans, although her adoptive mother accepted her temporarily, the relationship between the two was definitely not as good as before. Perhaps through certain voodoo methods, her adoptive mother found out Patisia's birth: she was not born into love or other affection, and her life was just the accidental product of an atrocity.
The sin of American slavery is difficult to say clearly, as the famous abolitionist Ver Douglas revealed: "American slavery is the granting of the right to use and forcibly use the body and soul of others as property. He is in the same position as the beast. He is a property ... his own virtue, conscience, wisdom, and feelings are completely disregarded by the owner. " Press, 1978, pp. 19-20.)
Therefore, the situation of black people under slavery is extremely tragic. Generally speaking, female slaves are more difficult, painful, and restricted than male slaves in all aspects. In addition to engaging in forced labor like male slaves, they also have to bear the pain of childbirth and abuse that ignores their female characteristics. In addition, it has become a common tool for white male slaves to become a female sex slave.
Whether they are female slaves on the plantation or female planters' homes, in addition to being used as labor, they are also used as a tool for childbearing.
Thomas Sowell pointed out in his "A Brief History of American Race": "The United States had the largest number of slaves in the Western Hemisphere in 1825, but other countries actually imported more slaves than the United States, and Brazil imported slaves. Six times that of the United States. The difference is that the US is the only country where slaves can breed offspring and maintain population growth in accordance with natural laws. "
Among them, "Maryland is a state that breeds slaves, where men, women, and children are raised and sold" (Note: Yang Shengmao: Foreword, p. 21).
It is more profitable to sell slaves than to use slaves. As a result, slave owners treated female slaves as "females" and forced childbearing. Therefore, the price of female slaves is valued according to the shape of the milk / room, and the "girl" among the female slaves is the most valuable. A Baltimore slave owner William Otter's property chart in 1773 shows that a 25-year-old girl named Nanny is worth $ 40, a 20-year-old girl named Hanna is worth $ 45, and a 30-year-old male slave named Jack is worth $ 16.25 (Note: Mabel E. Deutrich and Virginia. C. Purdy ed., Clio Was A Woman, Studies in the History of American Women. Washington, 1980, p. 59.).
It can be seen that the price of a girl is much higher than that of a male slave. Therefore, female slaves are often forced to have children in their teens. It is not uncommon to have more than ten children in a lifetime. The more children are born, the more they are favored by slave owners, and they are even promised to be free.
Frances Garbo is a famous British actress, and she is married to Pierre Burt. From 1838 to 1839, she came to Peel's plantation in Georgia and stayed for 5 months. In the meantime, she was deeply shocked by the misery of the female slave. She wrote:
"Fanny, there have been 6 children and only 1 survived. She came to ask for relief from the ground."
"Nani, there were 3 children and 2 died."
"Li, there were 6 children and 3 died."
"Sophie, come and ask for some old linen. She has a miserable life. She has 10 children and 5 died."
"Sally, she shed twice. Three children were born, one of them died. She cried and complained of continued pain in her back."
In short, Patricia's impure bloodline is more like a tragic creation of history. Her adoptive mother sympathized with her adoptive daughter, but couldn't ignore her birth-so she and other black people eventually called this the "curse" of Patricia.
11.Inscription: A rough monkey head statue with an inscription at the bottom which reads, "Listen to your heart, Patricia."
11.守护:临别前妈妈给了我最后的礼物。
咒像：粗糙的猴头雕像，在底部刻有一行小字，“倾听你的心声，帕缇夏。“
11.加護:お別れのときにお母さんから最後のプレゼントをもらった。
魔像：粗削りの猿の頭の彫り物、そこには小さい文字で
「自分の心の声を聴いて、パティシャ」と刻まれている。
Patricia's adoptive mother now has complex emotions of love and hate for her children. On the one hand, it was indeed her child; on the other, she couldn't ignore the birth problem on the other side. In the end she could only respect Patissia's choice and teach her child a witchcraft sculpture of a monkey head.
Monkey heads have special meaning in voodoo, but they are not monkey heads used to curse people, but monkey heads used to treat diseases. At the same time, they can also stimulate learning and are now very popular with local students . At the Akodessewa Fetish Market in West Africa (the world's largest voodoo market), tourists often see wholesale monkey heads
To put it simply, although the statue of the monkey head gives headache to those player who play hunter, it is indeed a very auspicious and good thing, so Patissia's mother finally blessed her daughter and hoped that she could find herself in the future Attribution.
Patricia Dorival was born on a slave ship, and her mother from Haiti took a last breath. The little Patricia arrived in New Orleans alive. She was discarded by the boat owner on the street, but got a new "mother". Patricia followed the "mother" to learn herbal medicine, healing, and mantras, and decided to travel to an unfamiliar hometown as an adult to find her origin. But Patricia never expected that the curse hidden in the bloodstream would gradually wake up the moment he set foot on that land. After escaping for more than ten years, she finally brought the curse to the Manor.
Deduction part end ( ๑ˊ•̥▵•)੭₎₎

 =͟͟͞͞(๑•̀=͟͟͞͞(๑•̀д•́=͟͟͞͞(๑•̀д•́๑)=͟͟͞͞(๑•̀д•́)🏫 

Rip reddit for too long propotype analysis
OK now i stop here, see you in Lawyer Deduction. (Just need a document for this honestly... Since you guys already know what happened to him)
( ´◔ ‸◔`)
And also, if you want me to do coa story series analysis go here Time to suffer...
More than 10 upload will do coa 1 btw ᶘ ͡°ᴥ͡°ᶅ
By berry